|)%%%%%(X o8o X)%%%%%(| - AN ETYMOLOGICAL CELTIC WORDLIST ------------------------------- of the Common Vocabulary <%> including the essential inflection, elaborated pronunciation & related phrases A Draft by Sami Paldanius 2009 - 2014 - |)%%%%%(X o8o X)%%%%%(| -:- /Hadlyd liw hudol o dlws; hudolion a'i hadeilws./ Elder shade, enchanting like gems - enchanters craft such a structure. Dafydd ap Gwilym, 14th century A.D. -:- CC ... Common aka Proto-Celtic Gal. ... Galatian (Freeman 2001) Gaul. ... Gaulish H&K ... Herman & Kortlandt: Italo-Celtic Origins and Prehistoric Development ..... of the Irish Language Ir. ... Irish JMJ ... John Morris-Jones: A Welsh Grammar L&P ... Lewis & Pedersen: A Concise Comparative Celtic Grammar M ... Matasovic/University of Wales Mdl ... Middle Mn ... Modern OEngl. ... Old English OIOL ... Old Irish Online PIE ... Proto-Indo-European ScG ... Scottish Gaelic Thur ... Rudolf Thurneysen: A Grammar of Old Irish (1980 tl.) (V)Lat. ... Educated or Vulgar Latin W ... Welsh -:- ABODE, DWELLING PLACE ... (n) ... W tref 'town, homestead' (f: pl -i, -ydd); ..... OIr. triub, treb 'abode; farm, holding' ... < CC *treb-aa (related to ..... either Lat. trabs or tribus; Lith. trobà 'a built dw.') : L&P p. 46 - ..... from same stem also *ad-treb-aa/-on > W (+)athref, OIr. atrab 'abode' ........... W aros, (+)araws (MacBain), (+)arhos (JMJ) 'abide, stay, dwell' ..... (vn/inf); MdlIr. aros > Mn áras (m) 'habitation, abode', ScG àros, ..... àras 'id.', qq. in dùn-àras (m) 'dwelling-place' ... < CC *agrestu- ..... (*agros 'firm') vs. *ad-rostu- (JMJ derives W aros from IE *p'ri-sodt- ..... : § 63) ABOUT, AT, CONCERNING, FOR ... (prep) ... W am (amdan-) +Soft (also conj ..... 'for, since'); OIr. im[b] (imm-)[1] +len > Mn um, im-, ScG mu; Gaul. ..... ambi- ... < CC *ambi- ~ *imbe- < PIE *m.bhi- || [1] also used with ..... suffixes to indicate 'one another'; c. 3 ps _imma(n)_, neg. _ní ..... 'ma(n)_ (Thur § 841; Lehmann p. 178) ACTION ... (n) ... see /DEED/; /WORD/ ADVANTAGE ... (n) ... W lles (m) 'benefit, profit, welfare, advantage'; OIr. ..... less 'advantage; need' > Mn leas (m) 'welfare, interest, good' ... < ..... CC *less-o- [< *(ph)led-s-] : also in W afles = OIr. amless > Mn ..... aimhleas (m) 'disadvantage, harm, hurt' AFTER ... see /END/ AGAINST, ON ... (prep) ... (Mdl)W wrth (+Len) 'to, because of, at, (MdnW) by, ..... beside, with'; OIr. fri, frith (+Acc) 'towards, to, against' ... < CC ..... *w.rit- (< PIE *wert- 'turn', whence also Lat. versus) : w/ 1 sg object ..... *w@rtó-/w.rit- me: > W wrthyf, OIr. frimm (emph. frim-sa), 3 pl *w.rit- ..... su:s > W wrthu, OIr. friu; indef. *w.rit nekw-on/-om > OIr. fri-nnech ..... 'against someone' || Thur § 839 (frith = OIr. preverb. fris-) AGE, ERA ... (n) ... W oes (f: pl -oedd/-au); MnIr./ScG aois (f: pl -eanna) ..... < CC *aiss-on vs. *aiwes-tu- < PIE *aj(w)t- (JMJ) ALDER-TREE ... (n) ... W gwern (f); OIr. fern, fern-óc > Mn fearn, fearn-óg, ..... ScG feàrna ... < CC *wern-aa; *wern-o- : for Goid. -óg, see /SQUIRREL/ ALIVE, LIVING, LIVE ... (adj) ... W byw; OIr. béo (= i mbethaid, i mbethu[1]) ..... > Mn beo ... < CC *biw-os || [1] see /LIFE/ ALTAR ... (n) ... W allor (f: pl -au); OIr. altóir > Mn altóir (f), ScG ..... altair ... < (V)Lat. alta:ria (nt pl) ALTHOUGH, THOUGH ... (conj) ... W (+)cyd, (+)cyny (for Mn er, serch) ..... 'although'; OIr. cía, ce (gé[1]: cesu 'though it is'), cini, cení > ..... MnIr. cé go 'though, although' (L&P gives the form "gidh" as a ..... descendant of OIr. cía) ... < CC *ke- (JMJ: "[W] _cyd_ may be for *ke ..... tod 'if it'") || [1] Thur § 178 (§ 909) : compare /WHO, WHAT/ AMONG ... (prep) ... W ymysg (< yn mysg); MnIr. i measc (+gen) ... w/ CC ..... *med-sko- (cf. *med-jo- 'middle'; *medjoknoo > W [y] (+)mywn, [i] mewn ..... [< *mydhwn]; OIr. [in]medón 'in the middle of, within' [JMJ § 215]) AMOUNT, SIZE ... (n) ... W maint (m; MW meint); OIr. mé(i)t (f) 'size', ..... (conj) 'because' > Mn méid, méad (m) 'amount, number, quantity' (cá ..... mhéad +Nsg 'how many?'), ScG meud, miad ... < CC *mant-ii AND ... (conj) ... W a, ac, (+)ag; OIr. ac(c)us, ocus (+Len; itir - ocus ..... 'both - and') > Mn agus ... < *aggós (W); *agguis < *aggos-ti, -tu ..... (Goid., probably related to Lat. angust-) : Ward 1982 has W agos ..... 'near(by)' from the same stem: *aggostus (*ad-g-), vs. alt. *onkustus ..... (a possible source of OIr. _ocus_ as well, if /c(c)/ < assim.) || for ..... OIr. itir, see /BETWEEN/ ANGEL ... (n) ... W angel (pl engyl); OIr. aingel (m) > Mn aingeal (m: gsg ..... aingil) ... < (V)Lat. angel-u- (gsg -i:) : ad notam: OIr. ain-gel also ..... means 'very bright' ANGER, WRATH ... (n) ... W ba+r; OIr. bara > ScG bàir- ... < CC *baran- (M) ANKLE, HEEL ... (n) ... W ffe+r (f) 'ankle'; OIr. seir 'heel' ... < CC ..... *spheret- ........... W (+)uffarn (MacBain); OIr. odbrann (= mudorn) > ScG aobrann (m) ..... 'ankle' (= mudharn, m) ... < CC *od-bronn ~ *ud-brunn- ........... see also /HEEL/ ANVIL ... (n) ... W einion (f); OIr. indéin, indeóin > Mn inneoin (f), ScG ..... innean ... < CC *ande-bni-[an-/ond-] vs. *andi-(w)aan-o/u- (f) [the W ..... form also ineluctably reminds one of PIE element *heghni- 'fire' (Skr. ..... Agni; Lat. ignis); cf. JMJ §§ 69, 104] APPLE ... (n) ... W afal (pl -au); OIr. ubull, aball > Mn úll (pl -a), ScG ..... ubhal ... < CC *aball-o- or *ablu- ARROW ... (n) ... W saeth; OIr. saiget > Mn/ScG saighead (gsg saighde) ... < ..... (V)Lat. sagitt-a (f: gsg -ae) AS ... (conj) ... MdlW mal, fal > MnW fel 'like, (just) as'; OIr. amal (+Len/ ..... acc.) 'as, as if, as though' > Mn amhail ... < CC *hamal-, *samal-o-; W ..... (e)felly 'thus, so' (alt. fel!) is from *hefel hynn (JMJ § 110.v.) < ..... *samalo sind-; fel y = 'so that' (< MdlW mal y(dh), on which see JMJ §§ ..... 222.x.-xi.); fel na = 'so that... not' ........... W mor '(just) as (equative prep), so [+adj]' (+Soft); OIr. ..... immar(-) 'adverso, ad-, prae-; tamquam (alongside, to; as if)' (cf. _in ..... már_ 'greatly'!), móir 'just as great' (eq adj : Thur §§ 372, 376 = W) ..... > MdlIr. (a)mar > Mn/ScG mar 'like, as (prep, essive & set adverbs: mar ..... seo 'thus, like so'); (conj) id est; since, given that' ... [a less ..... easily arrangeable genealogy, but possibilities include] CC *mar-e- ..... 'remain' (W); *ambi-ar-[ejo] ~ *imbe-ar-[ejo] ASH, -ES, DUST ... (n) ... W lludw (msg); OIr. lúaith (f) > Mn luaith (fsg), ..... ScG luath (f: gsg -a) ... < CC *lout-us, *lout-w-i- ASH-TREE ... (n) ... W onnen; OIr. huinn-ius > Mn fuinseog, ScG uinnseann ..... (m) ... < CC *onn-o- [Goidelic *onnij-, *onindj-is (< *os@n-)?] < PIE ..... *os-n- (whence also Lat. ornus 'id.') ATTACK, RUSH ... (n) ... W rhuthr (m) 'rush, charge, attack, raid' (-o [ar] ..... 'to ~'); OIr. rúathar 'attack, onrush' > Mn ruathar (m) 'charge, rush, ..... raid', ScG ruathar (m) 'violent onset; invasion, pillage; momentum' ..... < CC *reutr-on, *routr-on : some suggest the W to be a loan from ..... Goidelic (Ward 1982) AUGER ... (n) ... W taradr; OIr. tarathar > ScG tarachair, tora (and MnIr. ..... torathar 'freak'?) ... < CC *taratr-on, *teratr-on (cognate of CGr. ..... téretron) : cf. /PLOUGH/ AUTHOR ... (n) ... W awdr, awdur; MnIr. údar, ScG ùghdair ... < VLat. ..... au(c)tor, au(c)to:rem (W awdur) AXE ... (n) ... W bwyall, bwyell (f); OIr. biáil (m: gsg béla) ... < CC ..... *bejali- (JMJ: *bijald- < *bijadl-) BAD, EVIL ... (adj) ... W drwg (adj/n; cpv. gwaeth); OIr. droch-, drog- > Mn ..... droch- (for standalone _olc_) ... < CC *druk-o- : JMJ derives the W ..... suppletive degrees from *u[ph]o-[ph]ed-is- (p. 246) - M & Ward have ..... *waxt-is- (M 2011: *waxt-o- : OIr. facht 'malice') [compare the root in ..... *was-n-os > W gwan '/WEAK/' : Lat. va:nus] BADGER ... (n) ... Mdl/MnW broch (m: pl -od/-ion); OIr. brocc > Mn broc (gsg/ ..... npl broic), ScG broc (pl bruic) ... < CC *brokk-os BALANCE, SCALES ... (n) ... W (+)medd (MacBain: 'center of motion'); OIr. ..... med > ScG meidh (f: gsg -e) 'libra' ... < CC *med-aa : cf. MnIr. meáigh ..... 'to balance, weigh, consider' (apparently with the suffix #-ig : /BUY/) BALD ... (adj) ... W moel; OIr. máel, máil > Mn/ScG maol ... < CC *mail-os BARE ... (adj) ... W llwm (f llom) 'bare, dreary, destitute'; OIr. lomm > ..... Mn/ScG lom ... < CC *lumm-o- < *lupsmo- BARK (OF DOGS) ... (n) ... W cyfarth (m); ScG comhart 'bark' ... < CC *kom- ..... + *sart- : of different origin than MnIr. comhartha, ScG comharradh ..... ('sign, omen') which have CC *[-phare-]wid- < PIE *weid- 'see' BARK, RIND ... (n) ... W rhisg-l (m); OIr. rúsc > Mn rúsc (m), ScG rùsg ... ..... < CC *ruusk-os; *ruusk-aa (f. form given in Ward's list, 1982 - cf. ..... Piedmontese _rusca_ 'id.'); the W formation looks like CC *ruuskl-on ..... (*ruusk[w]il-is? [1]), cf. gwystl 'pledge' < CC *geestlon || [1] cf. ..... possible parallel in Celtic-imbued Sp. ingle < *i:ngwin- (Penny 1991) BATHE ... (v) ... W golchi (gylch 'he will bathe'; golch!); OIr. folc-aim 'I ..... bathe', vn (or sim.) *folc-[i]ud/-ad > Mn folc 'bathe' (-aim 'I bathe', ..... impt ~!), folcadh 'act of bathing' ... < CC *wolk-[ii-] (1 sg ..... *wolkaami, 3 sg *wolkV-t [probably *wólkiit]; impt *wolk-aa?) : par ..... hasard, both CC *-aad-on (nt noun) and *-it might yield MnIr. -adh ..... (Ward 1982)! ........... W trochi 'to dip (South), bathe (North)'; OIr. fothraic-im 'I ..... bathe' > Mn/ScG fothraig 'dip, bathe' ... < CC *tronkw-, *wo-tronk- ..... (Goidelic), Bryth. *trokk[w]-iimen or *-iimaa (W inf) BATTLE ... (n) ... W cad (f) 'battle; host' (pl -au); OIr. cath > Mn/ScG ..... cath (m) 'battle'; Gaul. katu-; Gal. Kató- ... < CC *katu-s (Bryth. ..... npl *kátowes) ........... W cyfranc (m/f) 'combat, incident, meeting'; OIr. comrac(c) ..... 'battle' > Mn comhrac (m) 'fighting, combat' ... < CC *kom-rank-o- ........... W (+)aer (f) 'battle'; OIr. ár 'slaughter, massacre' > Mn ár (m) ..... 'id.' (= ScG) ... < CC *agr-on : related to CGr. _ágraa_ 'hunt, chase' BE: HE WAS ... (v: aor past 3 sg) ... W bu; OIr. bói, bái (= Mn bhí [sé]?) ..... < CC *(be)baawe (Thur, *-baaw'); older W impf. oedd is from *sijeet, ..... *sijiit BE: WE ARE ... (v: act pres 1 pl) ... (Mdl)W y:m; OIr. ammi ... < CC ..... *esmesi : for other forms of *es- in (literary) W, see L&P §§ 479-80 BEAK ... (n) ... W gylfin; OIr. gulban; gop > Mn/ScG gob (m) 'beak; point, ..... tip' ... < CC *gulb-[n-o-, M], *gulbiin-[aa, Ward]; *gobb-os BEAR ... (n) ... W arth; OIr. art (m) ... < CC *art-os < *arkt-os (nsg ..... source also in JMJ) ........... (v) ... see /TAKE/ BEAST, CREATURE ... (n) ... W bwyst-fil 'beast, ogre'; OIr. béist, bíast > Mn ..... Mn péist (f: gsg péiste) 'a crawling creature; monster', ScG béist (f) ..... 'beast' ... < (V)Lat. be:sti-a (gsg -ae) ........... W (+)madawg, (+)madog 'fox', dim./f. (+)mad-en (Pughe; MacBain); ..... OIr. matad = maddad; madrad > Mn/ScG madadh 'dog', (Ir.) madra ... < CC ..... *madd-o- (W, *-aak-o-? OIr. var. with *-V-raad/t-, *-V-ri/uwed-, aut ..... sim.) < *mas-d- BECAUSE; CAUSE ... (conj/n) ... W achos (m) 'cause, affair'; (conj) ..... 'because'; OIr. accuis 'a cause' > Mn cúis (f) 'cause, reason, germ' ..... (~ gháire 'laughing matter') ... < VLat. occa:sio (f; became Celt. ..... *acca:s[i]- = *@kka:s[j]- : preview.tinyurl.com/7uwnsv5) : Ir. cúis (= ..... ScG) might also represent (have absorbed?) OIr. cóis, cauis < (V)Lat. ..... causa! ........... see also /CONSEQUENCE/; /HOUR/ BEER, DRINKING, FEAST ... (n) ... MldW cwrwf > MnW cwrw (m) 'ale, beer'; OIr. ..... cuirm (nt: gsg corm-ae, -a) 'beer' > Mn coirm (f) 'party', ScG cuirm ..... 'feast' (gsg -e); Gaul. kourmi, kuurmi ... < CC *kurm-en ........... see also /FEAST/ BEGINNING ... (n) ... see /PRINCIPAL/ BELIEVE ... (v) ... W cred-u (-af, sg 3/impt cred) 'to believe' [yn 'in'], ..... cred (f) 'credence, belief, faith'; OIr. cre(i)t-im 'I believe' (nf ..... cre[i]tem 'belief') > Mn/ScG creid (-im; ~!) [i 'in'] (nm creideamh ..... 'belief') ... < CC v. stem *kred-dii- (c. PIE, "give heart to"; 3 sg ..... *kreddet); the Goidelic noun would regularly represent *kred(d)iim-on, ..... *kred(d)em-on BELLY, ABDOMEN ... (n) ... MdlW boly > MnW bol, bola; OIr. bolc /-g/ (m/f) > ..... Mn bolg, ScG balg 'belly (#1); bulge' (m: gsg/pl builg); Gallo-Lat. ..... bulga 'small bag or sack' ... < CC *bolg-o- (gsg *-i-) BELOW, UNDER ... (prep) ... W i:s (is-of, 3 sg -ddo), is-láw (is fy llaw); ..... OIr. ís (ís-sum, 3 sg -sa) ... < CC *iiss- < *end-s- (OIr: 1 sg ..... *iiss-u moi, 3 sg *-u yuu) BENEFIT ... (n) ... see /ADVANTAGE/ BESEECH, PRAY, ASK ... (v) ... W erchi (archaf, 3 sg/impt eirch : nf arch); ..... OIr. arc-o, -u 'I bid, pray' ['asks' being im-com-airc] ... < CC ..... *[ph]ark-, *[ph]erk- : W inf -i is from Bryth. *-iimen or *-iimaa (vs. ..... *-iimu- : JMJ p. 393) BESETTING, VEXATION, BOTHER ... (n) ... W graen (m) 'grief; fear'; OIr. ..... gráin 'disgust' > Mn gráin (f) 'disgust, abhorrence, ugliness' (= ScG) ..... < CC *gra(a)gn-is : a propos note also the (accidentally similar?) ScG ..... forms _gairisinn_ 'shudder, disgust' and _goirsinn_ 'crying; crowing' BETWEEN ... (prep) ... OW ithr (for Mn rhwng[1]); OIr. itir, etir (etorro, 3 ..... pl) > Mn idir, ScG eadar (eatarthu = ScG eatarra, 3pl) ... < CC/PIE ..... *enter, source of Lat. inter || [1] infl rhyng-dd-, < CC *[ph]er-ongo- BIG, GREAT ... (adj) ... W mawr; OIr. már, mór > Mn mór (= ScG) ... < CC ..... *maar-os (superl. *maa[j]isam-os, *-aa > W mwyhaf) : see also /AS ..... (#2)/ BIRD ... (n) ... W edn (= aderyn[1]); OIr. én > Mn éan, ScG eun 'bird' ... < ..... CC *etn-os or *[ph]etn-os (m) || [1] a singulative derivation with CC ..... stem *[ph]et-ar- (W adar 'birds'), looking like a product of *-ínj-os BISHOP ... (n) ... W esgob; OIr. espoc, epscop > Mn easpag, ScG easbuig ... ..... < (V)Lat. episcop-u- (m) BLACK ... (adj/n) ... W du; OIr. dub (c.; n/apl -ai) > Mn/ScG dubh ... < CC ..... *dub- BLESSING ... (n) ... W bendith; OIr. bendacht > Mn beannacht, ScG beannachd ..... < (V)Lat. benedictio (f) BLIND ... (adj) ... W dall; MnIr./ScG dall /daul, d@ul/ (= caoch, syn. #2) ..... < CC *dwall-o- < *dwaln-o- : cf. /FUMBLING/ BLOOD ... (n) ... MdlW gweli 'blood; wound' (MnW has gwaed 'blood', m); ..... O/MnIr./ScG fuil (f) 'blood' ... < CC *woli-, *weli- (H&K p. 60) ........... (gore) ... W crau 'gore'; OIr. crú > Mn cró 'blood' ... < CC ..... *kruw-os, *krow-os BLOW, PUFF, INFLATE ... (v) ... W chwyth-u (-af; 3 sg/impt -a); OIr. ..... sét-im 'I blow' > Mn séid (-im) = ScG ... < CC *swidh-d-, *sweidh-d- BLUE, DARKENED, DARK ... (adj) ... W gwrm 'dusky, dark blue, brown'; OIr. ..... gorm > Mn/ScG gorm 'blue, (of skin) black' ... < CC *gorsm-o- BOAR ... (n) ... W twrch; OIr. torc, orc (m) > Mn torc (= collach, syn. #1; ..... torcrad 'a pack of ~s' [Thur § 264]) ... < CC *tork-os, *[ph]ork-o-[s] ..... < PIE *[p]ork- (cf. JMJ § 86.ii.3) : cf. OIr. orcae 'lapdog' < ..... *orki-o- [masc. type of /BRONZE/ for fem. *-(i)-jaa?] BOAT ... (n) ... W ba:d, bad; MdlIr. bát > Mn bád, ScG bàta ... < OEngl. ..... bát (m) BODY ... (n) ... W corff (m); O/MnIr./ScG corp ... < (V)Lat. corp-u- ........... (dead ~, corpse) ... W celain; OIr. col(a)inn (f: gsg colno) > ..... Mn colainn, ScG ~, colann ... < CC *kolan-ii or (Goid.) *kolann-i- BONE ... (n) ... MdlW cnaw[1]; OIr. cnáim (m) > Mn cnámh (f), ScG cnàimh ..... 'bone' < CC *knaam-is (multi-gender vs. separate forms) : related to ..... Gr. knéemee 'shinbone' || [1] for MnW asgwrn < CC *askorn-o- BOOK ... (n) ... W llyfr (m: pl -au); OIr. lebor > Mn/ScG leabhar (m) ... < ..... (V)Lat. libr-em, -um (m) BORN: IS BORN ... (v pres impers) ... W genir (aor ganwyd; impf genid); OIr. ..... gainithir, gainethar (perf ro-ngénair; vn gein) ... < CC *gen-, *gan- ..... (pres *ganitro or *ganjet(o)r- 'is born'; *ge-gn-er 'has been born'; ..... *gen-os or *genj-os 'birth'): *ganiire (W) BRANCH ... (n) ... W cainc (pl cangau); OIr. géc */g´e:g/ > Mn géag, ScG ..... geug ... < CC *kangkuu (npl *kángkowaas) BREAD, CAKE ... (n) ... W bara (m) 'bread'; OIr. bargen > Mn bairín (m) ..... 'loaf' (prob. same as MacBain's [old orth.] bairghean 'cake') ... < CC ..... *bareg-on (W); *bareg-en-on (Goid.) BREAST ... (n) ... W bronn, bron (f: pl -nau, -nydd) 'breast, (MdlW) hill', ..... also adv 'nearly, almost'; OIr. bruinne (m) 'breast, bosom, chest' > ..... ScG bruinne (f) 'breast' ... < CC *bron(d)j-o- vs. *brunn-o- < PIE ..... *brus-n- ........... W ci:g (m) 'flesh, meat'; OIr. cích (f) 'breast' > Mn cíoch ..... /k´i:x/ (f) 'a woman's breast' ... < CC *kiik-aa; *kiik-us (W) BREATH ... (n) ... W anadl (m/f); OIr. anál > Mn anáil ... < CC *anatl-aa ........... W ?dywy (MacBain); ScG deò 'breath' (as remnant 'moment, end' in ..... MnIr. _go deo_ 'forever; [after neg] never') ... < CC *dwes-o- BRIGHT, DAZZLING; FLAME ... (adj/n) ... W llachar; OIr. lassair > Mn lasair ..... 'flame' ... < CC *laphsar- vs. *lakhsar-o- BRONZE ... (n) ... W efydd (m) 'bronze, copper'; OIr. humae ~ ume > Mn/ScG ..... umha (f) 'bronze' ... < CC *um(i)j-o-, *om(i)j-o- (W); *umaaj-o- BROOM ... (n) ... W ysgub (f); OIr. scúap > Mn scuab, ScG sguab (f) 'broom, ..... brush' ... < (V)Lat. sco:pa BROTHER ... (n) ... W brawd; OIr. bráth(a)ir (gsg *bráthar) > Mn bráthair ..... (gsg bráthar) (= ScG) ... < CC *braateer, *braatiir (gsg *braatros) BULL ... (n) ... W tarw (pl teirw); OIr. tarb > Mn/ScG tarbh; Gaul. tarvos ..... < CC *tarw-os BUT ... see /EXCEPT/ BUTTER ... (n) ... W (+)ymenyn, menyn; OIr. imb (m) > Mn im (m: gsg -e), ScG ..... ìm ... < CC *emben- : originally same word as Lat. unguen BUTTOCK(S), BREECH ... (n) ... W ti:n (f); OIr. tón > Mn tóin (f), ScG tòn ..... < CC *tuukn-aa BUY; SELL ... (v) ... W pryn-u 'to buy' (-af, 3 sg/impt prýn); OIr. ..... cren-(a)id (crenim 'I buy'), ScG creic 'sell' (due to influence of ..... early [= MnIr.] reic 'sell'?) ... < CC (for OIr.) *kw.rinaati or ..... *[ph]rinaati; *kw.rin-aami 'I buy'; impt *-aa; inf (W) *-aaw-en or ..... *-aaw-o- (JMJ § 202.ii./v.) - also note CC verbal stem (?) *kw.reiaa- ..... given in JMJ § 106.i.2 || ad notam: MnIr. ceannaigh and ceann-ach ..... (tamq. CC *-åk[w]-, *-ik-us, *-uk-os, *-eks) 'buy, purchase' are ..... founded on OIr. cenn-ig '/HEAD/' +verb-forming suffix CAKE, BREAD ... (n) ... W bara (m) 'bread'; OIr. bargen > Mn bairín (m) ..... 'loaf' (prob. same as MacBain's [old orth.] bairghean 'cake') ... < CC ..... *bareg-on (W); *bareg-en-on (Goid.) CANDLE ... (n) ... W cannwyll; OIr. caindel, candel > Mn/ScG coinneal (gsg ..... coinnle) ... < (V)Lat. cande:l-a (f: gsg -ae) CAULDRON ... (n) ... W pair; OIr. coire > MnIr. coire, ScG coire (m: gsg ~) ..... 'kettle, cauldron; whirlpool' ... < CC *kworj-ó- (JMJ) or *kwerj-o- CAUSE, REASON; BECAUSE ... (n/conj) ... W achos (m) 'cause, affair'; (conj) ..... 'because'; OIr. accuis 'a cause' > Mn cúis (f) 'cause, reason, germ' ..... (~ gháire 'laughing matter') ... < VLat. occa:sio (f; became Celt. ..... *acca:s[i]- = *@kka:s[j]- : for this & other see ..... preview.tinyurl.com/7uwnsv5) : Ir. cúis (= ScG) may also represent ..... (have absorbed?) OIr. cóis, cauis < (V)Lat. causa CERTAIN, SOME ... (adj) ... W rhai 'some' (pa rai? 'which?'), rhyw 'some, ..... certain, any' (as elem, 'some-'); MdlIr. áiridhe > Mn áirithe ..... 'certain, particular', ScG àraidh 'certain, particular, peculiar, ..... special' (gu h-àraidh 'particularly') ... < CC *rei- (*r@ij-íi > W ..... rhai, *-ós > W rhyw : cp. JMJ p. 305), *ad-rei-, *ad-riitj-os CHAIR ... (n) ... see /SEAT/ CHAPTER ... (n) ... W cabidwl (syn. of pennod, #1); OIr. caiptel > Mn ..... caibidil (f: gsg caibidle), ScG caibideil (m/f: gsg ~) ... < (V)Lat. ..... capitul-um (nt) CHARM, GOOD LUCK ... W sw+yn (m) 'charm, spell'; OIr. sén 'good sign, ..... blessing; luck' > Mn séan, seun (m) 'good luck' (vs. 'luck' = ádh, m), ..... ScG seun 'charm' ... < (V)Lat. sign-u- (nt; = 'the sign of the cross') CHEEK ... (n) ... W grudd (m/f); OIr. grúad > Mn grua (f) ... < CC *groud-o- ..... or *greud-o- CHEESE ... (n) ... W caws (m); OIr. cáise (m) > Mn cáis (f), ScG càise (m) ..... < (V)Lat. ca:se-u- CHURCH ... (n) ... W eglwys; OIr. eclis, eclais > Mn/ScG eaglais ... < ..... (V)Lat. eccle:sia (f) CIRCLE ... (n) ... W co+r 'circle, close' (JMJ), now 'choir'[1]; OIr. cor ..... 'circle' ... < CC *kur-o-, *kwer-o- || [1] this may be a different ..... item, i.e. _cor_ 'community' < CC *kori-o- (Berr, "Heliand, Glossary") CITY ... (n) ... W caer (m); OIr. cath(a)ir (gsg/pl cathrach, apl cathracha) ..... > Mn/ScG cathair (f: pl cathracha) ... < CC *kastr-o- vs. *kast@rik- ..... [or *katarii(k)-] : the W noun has also been derived from *kager-on CLAY ... (n) ... see /SOIL/ CLEAN ... (adj) ... W gla+n 'clean, pure, immaculate, fair'; OIr. glan > ..... > Mn/ScG glan 'clean, pure; clear; exact' ... < CC *glan-os : from same ..... also W glanháu (*glan[d]os-agaa-, JMJ p. 384) 'cleanse, purify, clean, ..... purge', MnIr. glanadh 'cleaning' (would-be original *glan[d]aadon or ..... *glan[d]-otus, *-etus - compare under /WOOD/ [#2] & see /NAKED/) CLOTH; ITEM OF COVER ... (n) ... W breth-yn (m) 'woollen cloth'; OIr. bratt ..... (m) > Mn brat (m: gsg brait) 'cloak; coating, layer', ScG brat (gsg ..... brata) 'mantle, veil, cloak' ... < CC *bratt-os; (W) *bratt-in[j]-o- : ..... resembles Lat. brattea, bractea 'gold leaf' COCK, ROOSTER ... (n) ... W ceiliog; OIr. cailech (m) > Mn/ScG coileach ... < ..... CC *kalj-aak-os (W), *-a(a)kw-os, *kaljak(s)- ~ *kaljik(s)- (Goid.) COLD ... (adj) ... W oer; OIr. úar > Mn/ScG fuar; Gaul. ogros ... < CC ..... *ogr-o-, *oogr-o-, *augr-o- (cf. Ir. cuan 'bay, harbour' < CC ..... *koun-os, *kaun-os < *kopn-) COLOUR ... (n) ... W lliw (m: adv liw/lliw nos 'at, by night'); OIr. lí(i) > ..... Mn lí (f; = dath, m) ... < CC *liiw-os; *liiw-aa ........... W gne (m) 'colour, hue'; OIr. gné 'form, look' (gsg gnée) > Mn ..... gné (f: gsg ~) 'aspect, physical appearance' ... < CC *gneses- ........... W nudd (f) 'haze'; MdlIr. snúadh > Mn snua (m), ScG snuadh (m) ..... 'appearance, complexion, hue, colour; beauty' ... < CC *snoud-os CONFESS ... (v) ... W addef (addef-: reg.); OIr. addaim-im 'I confess' > Mn ..... admhaigh (also 'declare at customs'), ScG aidich ... < CC *ad-dam- CONSEQUENCE: AFTER, IN THE WAKE OF ... (var) ... W o+l 'trace, track' (o+l- ..... 'post-'); OIr. ol (conj) 'since' (Thur § 905) > Mn ó 'since, being ..... that' ... < CC *[ph]olg-o- (M) : Ward derives OIr. ol from CC *allaa ..... || concerning the Celtic derivation of causal conjunctions, see also ..... /BECAUSE/; /HOUR/ COPPER ... (n) ... see /BRONZE/ CORE ... (n) ... W craidd (m) 'core[point]'; OIr. cride > Mn croithe, croí ..... (f) 'heart' ... < CC *kridjon CORPSE ... (n) ... W celain; OIr. col(a)inn (f: gsg colno) > Mn colainn, ..... ScG colann, colainn ... < CC *kolan-ii or (Goid.) *kolann-i- COUGH ... (n) ... W pas (m) 'whooping-cough' (peswch 'cough', m); OIr. ..... cas-achtach > Mn casacht (f), ScG casad 'cough' ... < CC *kwas-t-, ..... (W) *kwast-iskw- : related to OEngl. hwo:sta; cf. Finn. yskä 'id.' COUNTRY, LOT ... (n) ... W bro (f) 'region, district, area, lowland'; OIr. ..... mruig (gsg mrogo) > ScG brugh 'large house'; in Gaul. Brogi-marus ... ..... < CC *mrog-is (gsg *-ous) : from same source as Lat. margo: & OEngl. ..... mearc || JMJ derives W _Cymro_ from *kom-brogos COURSE ... (n) ... see /JOURNEY/ COVER, STRAWS, ROOF ... (n) ... W (?toe >) to: (m) 'roof'; OIr. tuige, tuga ..... 'thatch' > Mn tuí, ScG tugha (f) ... < CC *tog-o-, *togj-o- || JMJ p. ..... 165 CRAFTSMAN ... (n) ... W saer (m) 'craftsman, joiner, wright' (pl seiri); ..... OIr. sáer > Mn/ScG saor 'id.' ... < CC *sair-os < *sa[ph]er-o- (npl ..... *-ii) : Lat. cognate sapere/sapio: 'to have an idea, be wise' CRANE (BIRD) ... W garan (m/f), crychydd (m) 'crane, heron'; OIr. corr > Mn ..... corr /kaur/ (f) 'heron', c. mhóna 'crane' ... < CC *garan-u/o- and ..... *korgs-aa or *korgj-os CREATE ... (v) ... see /FORM, SHAPE/ CREATURE ... (n) ... W creadur (m: pl -iaid); MnIr. créatúr (m), ScG ..... creutair ... < (V)Lat. crea:tu:r-a (f: npl -ae) CROOKED ... (adj) ... W cam; OIr. camm > Mn cam 'crooked (#1), bent'; Gaul. ..... cambo- ... < CC *kamb-os ........... W gw+yr 'crooked, oblique, sloping' (vs. the homographs, JMJ § ..... 38); OIr. fíar 'bent, crooked, curved' > Mn fiar 'bent, warped, ..... perverse; slanting, diagonal', ScG fiar (adj & v trans) ... < CC ..... *weer-o-, *weir-o- (from the stem also W cpd. _gwyrgam_ 'crooked' ..... [see prev.]; v intr _gwyr-o (-af)_ 'to curve, swerve, deviate; bend, ..... duck'; nm _gwyriad_ 'aberration') CUSTOMARY; CUSTOM ... (adj/n) ... W gnawd (now often = arferol); OIr. gnáth ..... 'known, accustomed' > Mn gnáth 'a custom' (= gnás, < OIr. nf gnás), ..... gnáth- 'routine, usual' ... < CC *gnaat-os (adj); *gnaast-aa (nf) : ..... for discussion see Schrijver 1995, p. 182 DARE, MANAGE ... (v) ... W (+)llafasu, llyfasu (for Mn beiddio, &al.); OIr. ..... -laimur 'I dare', [ro]-laimethar 'he dares' > Mn (+)lamh-aim, ScG ..... lamh ... < CC *[ph]lam- (dep 1 sg *-[aj]uuro ~ *-[aj]ooro [: H&K p. ..... 46], 3 sg *-etro ~ *-jet[o]r) DAWN, SUNRISE ... (n) ... W gwawr (f); OIr. fáir > ScG fàir ... < CC ..... *waari- < *waasri- : cf. MnIr. fáidh 'prophet' < OIr. fáith < CC ..... *waati-s (Lehmann § 63) DAY ... (n) ... W dy:dd[1] (m); OIr. die, dia 'day; on the day of' > ScG Di- ..... < CC *díjee(u)s : related to Skr. dya:ush 'sky'; cf. Lith. dievas ..... 'god', Finn. taivas 'sky, heaven' || [1] long vowel: L&P § 136 DEAF ... (adj) ... W byddar; OIr. bodar > Mn bodhar */baur/, ScG bodhar ..... /bo@r/ ... < CC *budar-o-, *bodar-o- DEED, ACT, ACTION ... (n) ... MdlW gnif; OIr. gním 'deed' (vn for _gniid_), ..... -rad 'activity' (Thur § 263) > Mn gníomh (m: gsg gnímh) 'deed, action' ..... < CC *gniim-us, *gneem-us (m) DEEP; WORLD, UNIVERSE ... (n) ... W dwfn (m), dofn (f) 'deep, profound'; ..... OIr. domun 'world' > MnIr./ScG domhan /doun, d@un/; Gaul. Dubno-reix ..... (MacBain: Dumnorix) 'Rex profundus = Rex mundi'; Gal. dumno- ... < CC ..... *dubn-o- : from the same stem come ........... MnIr./ScG domhain 'deep; depth' ... < CC *dubn-i- ........... W dyfnder 'depth' ... < CC *dubni-ter-o- DEER; [OF THE] WILD ... (n, adj) ... W gw+ydd 'wild'; OIr. fíad (m) > Mn fia, ..... ScG fiadh 'deer', fiadh- 'wild' ... < CC *weid-os or *weed-os : not to ..... be confused with W gw+ydd (= gwydd-fod), Goid. ?fiadh [Ward] 'presence' ..... < CC *weid- 'to see' (JMJ p. 80 : cf. /KNOW/) DEFILED; DIRTY ... (adj) ... W (+)halawg, halog 'defiled; tainted'; OIr. ..... salach > Mn/ScG salach 'dirty' ... < CC *salaak-os DESERVE, BE ENTITLED ... (v) ... W dyl-u (only impf & plup) 'should, ought ..... to'[1], dyle:d (f) 'debt, obligation'; OIr. -dligim 'I deserve', ..... dliged (nt) 'law' > Mn dlí (m: pl -the) 'law' [also Gaul. delgu 'I ..... hold'?] ... < CC *dlig-, *dleg-; *dliget-on (noun) : related is ChSlav. ..... dlugu, Goth. dulgs 'debt'; cf. Finnish velka 'id.' (an historically ..... obscure item, allegedly Baltic) || [1] spoken W _fe ddylen fi/nhw ..... (fod)_ 'I/they ought to (be)'; for MdlW especially see JMJ p. 379 ........... see also /SEARCH FOR/ DESIRE, INCLINATION, LUST ... (n) ... W chwant; OIr. sant > Mn saint, sant-, ..... ScG sannt 'greed, covetousness' ... < CC *swand.t-aa ~ *swant-aa ........... W ewyll-ys (m); OIr. áil > Mn (+)áil (in the phrases _cad ab áil ..... leat?_ 'what would you like?' & _mar is áil leat_ 'as you wish') ... < ..... CC *awill-; (W) *awill-iss-os DIFFICULT ... (adj) ... W afrwydd 'difficult; awkward, clumsy' (syn. of ..... caled[rwydd], anodd); OIr. amréid 'uneven, difficult' (syn. of ans[a]e ..... = annse) ... < CC *aN-/am-reed- (Thur § 871) DIG, BURY ... (v) ... W claddu 'bury'; OIr. claid-id, [con]-claid 'he digs' ..... < CC *klad- (= *klas-s-) : vn *kladi(j)-aa > OIr. claide 'digging' > Mn ..... cloidhe, ScG claidhe (m) 'burial' DOG ... (n) ... W ci: (m) 'dog'; OIr. cú (m: gsg con, npl coin [Thur § 328]) ..... > Mn cú 'hound, greyhound'; faol-chú 'wolf', ScG cù (gsg/pl coin) 'dog, ..... hound' ... < CC *k(w)uu (MacBain: *kuoo), *k(w)un- (nasal disappearing ..... as in some Skr. nominatives vs. stem: _balii/balin-_ 'strong'); MnIr. ..... #2 preserves OIr. fáel 'wolf' < *wail-o- (gsg *-i- : cf. probably ..... related W gweil-gi, a synonym of the ocean) ........... W (+)madawg, (+)madog 'fox', dim./f. (+)mad-en (Pughe; MacBain); ..... OIr. matad = maddad; madrad > Mn/ScG madadh 'dog', (Ir.) madra ... < CC ..... *madd-o- (W, *-aak-o-? OIr. var. with *-V-raad/t-, *-V-ri/uwed-, aut ..... sim.) < *mas-d- DOMINION ... (n) ... W gwlad (f) 'region, land'; OIr. flaith (f) 'ruler, ..... chief; dominion' > Mn flaith, ScG flath 'prince, ruler, chief' ... < CC ..... *wlat-o- (pl *-ijes, JMJ p. 100); *wlat-i- : from same root as Lat. ..... vale:re/valeo: (cp. Finn. valtias/valtiaa- 'sovereign, lord, prince') DOOR ... (n) ... W drws[1]; OIr. dorus (n/apl doirsea) > Mn doras (pl ..... doirse), ScG dorus (pl dorsan) ... < CC *dworestu- (m); qq. *dur-aa ..... [*dw.raa?] > W do+r (f) 'hatch, port' || [1] also compared to OIr. ..... druitid & MnGoid. druid 'to shut; to move (to or fro)'; cf. W wrth y ..... drws 'imminent, at hand, close, nearby' DOUGH, PASTE ... (n) ... W toes (m); OIr. táis > Mn taos (m), ScG taois ... < ..... CC *(s)tajest-os, *(s)taist-os DREAM ... (n) ... W breuddwyd (m/f: pl -ion); MnIr. (+)bruadair, ScG bruadar, ..... bruadal (m) 'a dream' ... < CC *brou(kh)d-, *breu(kh)d- (with different ..... suffixes [Bryth. *-eitu- (W -wyd; cf. Lat. -i:tus), *-V(j)it-, *-Vg't-; ..... pre-Goid. *-(os)Vr-o-] vs. an early branching development = Bryth. ..... *-eCij-, *-åCij- [C = alveolar] < > pre-Goid. *-er[j]-) DRINK ... (n) ... W di:od (f); OIr. deug, deog (f: gsg dige) > Mn/ScG deoch ..... /d´ox/ (gsg dí) ... < CC *deei-aat-is (W); *deguu (Goid.) ........... (v) ... W yfed (yfaf 'I will drink'); OIr. ibim 'I drink' > Mn ..... (+)ibhim (= ól-aim, syn. #1) ... < CC *[ph]ibit-aa (vn), original 1 sg ..... *[ph]ibóo 'I drink' (W has *[ph]ibaam-e/i : q.v. JMJ § 179.ii.), 3 sg ..... *[ph]ib-et-/-it- > W yfu, OIr. -ib, *ib(a)id (qq. -eba < *ibaat-) DRY, BARREN ... (adj) ... W hysb (f hesb); OIr. sesc > Mn seasc, ScG seasg ..... /s´as@k/ ... < CC *siskw-os < *sit-s- : rel. to Lat. siccus < *sitikos DWARF ... (n) ... W (+)corr, corrach (m); OIr. corr ... < CC *korr-os; ..... *korr-akk-os (dim, W) for *-aak-s-o- (suffix in comparatives) : not to ..... be confused with the Goidelic word for /CRANE/, q.v. EACH, EVERY ... (adj) ... W pob (< pawb)[1] (pob dim '~ single thing'); OIr. ..... cách > cach, cech (i-ccach lucc 'everywhere') > Mn/ScG gach ... < CC ..... *kwaakw-os (in contrast to MacBain's *kwoo-kwa) : precise parallel ..... development in MdlW pawb i gilydd > MnW ei gilydd = OIr. cách a chéle > ..... Mn a chéile 'each other, one another' (JMJ § 166; for W cilydd, OIr. ..... céle 'fellow, mate' [*kegli(j)-os] see JMJ p. 169; L&P § 287, [use in ..... W] pp. 235-6) || [1] pob+peth = popeth 'everything' (Ir. gach rud) EAGLE ... (n) ... W eryr; OIr. irar > MdlIr. ilar > Mn iolar (gsg/pl ..... iolair), ScG iolair (gsg -e) ... < CC *erir-os or *erur-os (gsg *-i-) EAR ... (n) ... W clust (m/f: pl -iau); OIr. cluas(s) > Mn cluas (f) ... < ..... CC *kloust-aa < *kleut-st- EDGE, BORDER ... (n) ... W ymyl (m/f: yn ymyl 'beside, close to, near'); ..... OIr. imbel > Mn imeall (m) 'edge, border, fringe; outskirts' ... < CC ..... *imbi-[phe]l-on, *ambe-[phe]l-on < PIE *m.bhi-pel- EIGHT ... (num) ... W wyth (+Soft w/ stops); OIr. ocht n- > Mn ochtú, ScG ..... ochd ... < CC *okht-uu, *-oo : *okhtuumet-os 'eighth' > W wythfed; ..... OIr. ochtmad ELBOW ... (n) ... W elin, pen-elin; OIr. uilen > Mn uillinn (f) ... < CC ..... *oliin-aa [pro *ulj-?] ENCOUNTER (IN COMBAT) ... W cyfranc (m/f) 'combat, incident, meeting'; OIr. ..... comrac(c) > Mn comhrac (m) 'fighting, combat' ... < CC *kom-rank-o- END; FOLLOWING ... (n/prep) ... W diwedd, dywedd; OIr. diad, dead, deid ..... 'end' (Thur § 830), i ndiaid, i n-dead 'following, behind' > Mn i ..... ndiaidh, ScG an dèidh 'after' ... < CC *dii-wed-o- or *dii-wo(w)ed-o- ENOUGH; ABUNDANTLY ... W llawer (+sg) 'many, much'; OIr. lour > Mn lór, ..... (current) leor 'sufficient' (adv go leor 'enough'), ScG leòir ... < CC ..... *lawero- EVENING ... (n) ... W (+)ucher (for Mn hwyr, noson); OIr. fescor > Mn ..... (+)feascar, ScG feasgar 'afternoon, evening' ... < CC *wiskwer-, ..... *wesper- (PIE *we- 'go down, set') ........... OIr. adaig (f), aidche > Mn oíche, ScG oidhche 'late evening, ..... night' ... < CC *adekii or *ad-akwii [for plausible irreal *adeseg-e-] ..... : related to Lat. aquilus 'swarthy' EVERY ... (adj) ... see /EACH/ EVIL, BAD ... (adj) ... W drwg (adj/n; cpv. gwaeth); OIr. droch-, drog- > Mn ..... droch- (for standalone _olc_) ... < CC *druk-o- : JMJ derives the ..... suppletive W degrees from *u[ph]o-[ph]ed-is- (p. 246) - M & Ward have ..... *waxt-is- [cf. the root in *was-n-os > W gwan '/WEAK/' : Lat. va:nus] EXCEPT, BUT ... (conj) ... W eithr; OIr. echtar (also prep 'remaining ..... without'; survives in Mn/ScG each[d]-) ... < CC *ektros or *ekst@ro ..... (related is Goidelic ach[d] 'but' < OIr. acht, act 'except, but'[1] < ..... CC *ekstos; furthermore note CC *eks-obnis > Gaul. Exobnus; OIr. ..... ess-amin, es-omun; W ehofn, eofn 'fearless') || [1] with subjunctive: ..... 'provided that' ........... W namyn, namn 'except, but, save'; OIr. nammá 'only' ... < CC ..... *nek maajos (Ward) : compare Mn Goid. a mháin 'only' (conj); the W ..... sense resulting from OW phr _honit nammui_ 'but only' (JMJ p. 442)? FACE ... (n) ... W wyneb (< OW einepp, enep) 'face; surface'; OIr. enech > ..... Mn oineach */'en´@x/, ScG eanach 'face = honour, reputation' ... < CC ..... *enekw-o- [the Brythonic forms in particular point to a tendency to ..... create a closed first syllable, i.e. *een- or *enn-] ........... W drych (m) 'vision, spectacle; mirror'; OIr. drech > Mn/ScG ..... dreach (m) 'face, expression; (ScG) form, appearance, aspect; draft' ..... < CC *drik-s or *drik-aa; *drik[s]-os FACING ... (prep) ... W erbyn 'by (of time); against' (_yn ei ~_ = 'against ..... him'); OIr. ar chiund, ar chiunn 'in front of; (adv) ahead, waiting, ..... in store' (cf. Mn ar cheann +gen 'at the top of') ... < CC *ari ..... kwennooi : hence not related to W er (MdlW yr) 'due to, in order to; ..... albeit' (& erioed 'ever, never') from CC *[ph]er-i-, *-o- (: Lat. per; ..... Gr. perí), JMJ p. 405 FAITH ... (n) ... see /BELIEVE/ FAITHFUL, DEVOUT ... (adj) ... W crefydd-ol; OIr. crabud; cráibd-ech > Mn ..... cráifeach, ScG cràbhach 'devout, religious' ... w/ adjectival suffixes ..... (Bryth. *-aal-; Goid. *-aak[w]- ~ *-ik[w]-) from CC *krab-udj-, ..... *krabidu- < *krab- FAMILY ... (n) ... W teulu; OIr. teglach > Mn/ScG teaghlach ... < CC ..... *tego-sloug-o- ('house-host' - see /TROOP/) FAT, THICK ... (adj) ... W rhef (< *rhefr?); OIr. remor > Mn ramhar (pl ..... ramhra), ScG reamhar ... < CC *remr-os FATE ... (n) ... W tynged (f) 'fate, destiny'; OIr. toceth, tocad /'tog-/ ..... 'predestining, luck, fate' ... < CC *tong-, *toñk-et-on : *toñki(i)t ..... 'predestines, causes' > MdlW tyngh- (tyngh-af) FATHOM ... (n) ... W edaf (OW etem); ScG aitheamh (f) ... < CC *[ph]etem-aa ..... (MacBain; also Calder § 33) : probably related to Lat. pate:re/pateo: FAULT, OFFENCE, BLAME ... (n) ... W (+)caredd 'fault', cerydd (m) 'rebuke, ..... reprimand'; OIr. caire > Mn coir, ScG coire 'fault, offence, charge; ..... crime' ... < CC *kar(i)j-aa; *karíj-o- (W cerydd) : JMJ p. 92/§ 70 FAVOUR, GRACE ... (n) ... W rhad (m); OIr. rath (nt) 'gratia' > Mn/ScG rath ..... (m) 'prosperity, a thriving state' ... < CC *[ph]rat-, *[ph]rat-on : ..... also in W phr _yn rhad_ 'gratis' (JMJ p. 251) FEAR (etc.) ... (n) ... W ofn (m: pl -au) 'fear, dread, terror, fright'; ..... OIr. omun 'fear, dread' > Mn uamhan (m: gsg uamhain) 'id.', ScG ..... uamhunn 'awe, horror' ... < CC *obn-os (m) or *-aa (f) FEAST ... (n: festival) ... W gw+yl (m/f) 'feast, festival; holiday'; OIr. ..... féil 'id.' > Mn féile (f) 'festival, feast-day' ... < VLat. vigli-a or ..... CC *wegli- [OIr. form also being derivable from *wagli-, *wan(g)li-] ........... (banquet) ... W gwledd (f: pl -oedd); OIr. fled > Mn fleá (f: pl ..... fleánna), ScG fleadh ... < CC *w.lid-aa (n/apl *-aas) ........... see also /BEER/ FIELD ... (n: arable) ... W maes (m: pl meysydd); OIr. mag (nt: gsg maige) ..... 'field, plain' > Mn má (f: gsg maigh) ... < CC *mag-os or *mages-t- ..... (Schrijver 1995, p. 406) ........... see also /GARDEN/ FIRE ... (n) ... W ta+n (m); OIr. tene, teine (m/f) > Mn tine (f: gsg ~; trí ..... thine 'on fire'), ScG teine ... < CC *ta[ph]n-o- (W); *te[ph]n-et- ..... (Goidelic: gsg *-et-os if reg.) : qq. in Goid. teallach 'fireplace' ..... (*-leg-/*-lek-?) ........... (var) ... W deifi-o (-af) 'to scorch, singe'; OIr. daig (f: gsg ..... dego) 'fire, flame' ... < CC *degw-, *dogw-, (Goid.) *degw-is (gsg ..... prob. *-ous for *-eis) : concerning W -io, see /REMEMBRANCE/; /PRAY/ FIRM, STUBBORN ... (adj) ... W dengyn 'mighty, strong, stubborn, (MacBain) ..... barbarous'; MnIr./ScG daingean 'strong, firm' ... < CC *damgin-os, ..... *damgen-os : cp. W tengyn 'obstinate' FIRST ... (adj/ord) ... W cynt-af (adv yn gyntaf, gynta); OIr. cét-nae, cét- ..... > Mn céad, ScG a chiad; Gaul. Cintu- ... < CC *kentu- (pre-Goid. ..... variant *k@ntanijos) < PIE *ken- (whence Lat. rece:ns) : also the ..... origin root of W cynt 'more quickly; (adj) earlier', cyn 'before', cyn ..... i 'antequam, priusquam' (JMJ pp. 245-6) ........... see also /PRINCIPAL/ FISH ... (n) ... W pysgod (pl > sg -yn); OIr. íasc (gsg éisc) > Mn iasc ..... /'i:@sk/ (m) ... < CC *[ph]eisk-o- (/p/ maintained in Welsh due to ..... influence or origin from Latin [pisca:t-us]) FIST ... (n) ... W dwrn (pl dyrn-au); O/MnIr. dorn (Mn pl doirne) ... < CC ..... *durn-o- (npl *-ii) FIT, BE CONTAINED ... (v) ... W genni (gannaf, 3 sg gain) 'be contained'; ..... OIr. ro-geinn 'finds a place' ... < CC *gand-, 3 sg *gVnd-et, *-iit : ..... from same IE root as Lat. pre-hendo: (which Macbain connects with CC ..... *gad-d- > OIr. gat- 'steal' - derived from CC *gazd- by Ward's sources ..... instead) [for analysis of OIr. preverb ptcl _ro-_, see Thur § 537 (qq. ..... 243) - noting also _ro-d-_ with the enclitic #_d-_ from relative ..... clauses such as _na-d-_ 'that which is not; which X does not' (L&P pp. ..... 236, 238) vs. _do-n-gneid_ 'which ye make' (Thur § 517), _N-do-gniat_ ..... quid faciunt] FITTING, MEET ... (adj) ... W cywair (cyweir-) 'set right, ready'; OIr. ..... coair 'proper, just, fitting' > (blending with *kom-wiir-? : /TRUE/) ..... Mn cóir (= ScG) 'proper, decent; honest' (_de/a chóir_ 'nearly') ... < ..... CC *ko(m)-war-j-o- (W); *ko(m)-war-i- (Goid.) FIVE ... (num) ... W pump; OIr. cóic > Mn cúig, ScG còig ... < CC *kwenkwe : ..... *kw@nkwet-os 'fifth' > W pumed; OIr. cóiced FLAME ... (n) ... see /BRIGHT/ FLAT, STABLE, FIRM (GROUND) ... (adj/n) ... W gwastad 'level, flat, even' ..... (South W yn wastad 'always'); OIr. fossad (OIOL: 'plain surface') ... ..... < CC *wostat-os < PIE *upo-sthaa- : Mn Goid. forms not found in the ..... more quotidian sources are given at www.spns.org.uk/bliton/aNgwas.html FLOOR ... (n) ... W llawr (llor-: m); OIr. lár (nt) > Mn lár, (now usually) ..... ur-lár (m) ... < CC *[ph]laar-o- FOLK; BAND OF ... (n) ... W gwerin (f) 'people, folk; crew'; OIr. foirinn > ..... Mn/ScG foireann 'staff, workforce, team' ... < CC *woriin-aa FOLLOW ... (v) ... (from MdlW dilit, dilyt?) W di-lyn (dilynaf 'I shall ..... follow'); OIr. lenim 'I follow' > Mn lean- (vn leanúint) ... < CC ..... *lin-, *lina- 'cling, cleave, stick to' (1 sg *linaami; W apparently ..... with CC *dii-, *dee- 'extreme, off-') : Lat. cognate linere/lino: 'to ..... daub, smear; overlay' FOOD, SUSTENANCE ... (n) ... W bywyd (m) 'life'; OIr. biad (m/n) 'food' > ..... Mn bia (m), ScG biadh (m: gsg bìdh/bidhe) 'food; meal' ... < CC ..... *biwot-om/on, *biwet-om/on FOOT ... (n) ... W troed; OIr. traig (f: gsg traiged) 'foot' (anat.) > Mn ..... troigh (f: gsg -e) 'foot' (measure); in Gallo-Latin _uer-tragus_ ..... 'hunting hound' ... < CC *tra[g]it-aa or *-s : note older W etymology ..... *troget-[o]m (asg) suggested in JMJ FOOTWEAR ... (n) ... W curan (m) 'covering of foot and leg'; MnIr. cuarán ..... (f) 'sandal', ScG cuaran 'brogue, sock' ... < CC *koura(g)n-o- ..... (given the sense of 'moccasin' by MacBain) FOREHEAD, CAPUT ... (n) ... W ta+l (m: pl talau, taloedd) 'forehead'; OIr. ..... tel, tul *'protuberance; shield-boss' ... < CC *tal-u-/o- : with same ..... root also *talo-sekt-aa > MdlW talheith, W talaith 'diadem, crown' FOREST, WOOD ... (n) ... W celli (f); OIr. caill (f: gsg -e) > Mn/ScG coill ..... < CC *kaldet-, *kaldit- (vs. *kaldis, Ward 1982) FORK ... (n) ... W gafl (f); OIr. gabul > Mn gabhal 'fork on the road' ... ..... < (V)Lat. gabal-u- FORM, SHAPE ... (n) ... W pryd (now usually ffurf, f : ffurfio, v tr); ..... O/MnIr. cruth 'form, figure' (cruth-aím 'I create'!) ... < CC ..... *kwrit-u- : with prefixed *du(s)- > W dy-bryd & OIr. do-chruth ..... 'shapeless, ugly; (MnW) flagrant, crass'; from same root comes also ..... *kwr.tanj-aa (Gr., Pretanikèe neesos) > W [ynys] Prydain 'Britannia' ........... see also /IMAGE/; /FACE/ FOUR ... (num) ... W pedwar; OIr. cethir, cethair > Mn ceathair /'kah@r´/ ..... (always for */'k´ae:h@r´/?), ScG ceithir ... < CC *kwetwar : ..... *kwetwarij-os 'fourth' > W pedwerydd; OIr. cethramad (via analogy) FREQUENT; -LY, OFTEN ... (adj, adv) ... W mynych, yn fynych; OIr. menic(c) ..... (Lehmann: 'often') > Mn minic, go minic, ScG also minig ... < CC ..... *menekki-s || W = aml, yn aml, w/ Bryth. *amb'lus < PIE *m.bhi-(p)lu- FRESH, NEW ... (adj) ... W ir 'fresh, green, raw'; OIr. húr-de; Mn úr (= ..... ScG) 'new, fresh, novel' ... < CC *[ph]uur-os FRIEND ... see /LOVE/ FROM, OF, OUT OF ... (prep) ... W o (ohon-: +Soft); OIr. ó, húa (úaim, ..... húaim 'from me') > Mn ó (uaim), ScG o (uam) ... < CC *au- or *av- ..... (*au moi +1 sg) > Bryth. *aa > W (JMJ p. 401, q.v. for stem also) : ..... cognate of Lat. au- FROST ... (n) ... W rhew; OIr. reúd > Mn reo, ScG reodh, reotha ... < CC ..... *[ph]reu-s, *[ph]rew-os FULL ... (adj) ... W llawn, cyf-lawn (-lon '-ful'); OIr. lán, comlán > Mn ..... lán 'full' (pref lán- 'totally, fully'; a lán +gen/de +nom 'many; a ..... lot of'[1]) ... < CC *[ph]laan-o-; *kom-[ph]laan-o- || [1] cf. ..... /ENOUGH/ FUMBLING, LACKING SIGHT ... (adj) ... W coeg 'foolish, vain, without any ..... perspective'; OIr. caech > Mn/ScG caoch '(physically) blind' ... < ..... CC *kaik-os; cf. /BLIND/ FURROW, SCORE, SLICE ... (n) ... W cw+ys (f); OIr. céis ... < CC *keissi- ..... (Ward, *keess-us) < *keitst- < PIE *keid-t- GAIN ... see /VICTORY/ GARDEN ... (n) ... W garth (m/f) 'enclosure; hill'; MnIr. gort (m) 'field; ..... cornfield' (dim. goirtín), ScG (+)gort 'id.' (dim. goirtean) ... < CC ..... *gort-os (Bryth. *gart-) : Celtic cognate of Lat. hortus; Gr. khórtos GENUS, KINDRED ... (n) ... W cenedl (f) 'nation, race; gender'; OIr. cenél ..... (nt) 'nation, tribe' > Mn cineál (m) 'sort, kindred; gender', ScG ..... cineal '(qq.) offspring, clan' ... < CC *kenetl-om/-on *'family' : ..... related to Lat. re:-ce:ns GIANT ... (n) ... W cawr (m: pl cewri); OIr. caur ... < CC *kowar-os < ..... *kawar- : related to Gr. kauaros GIFT ... (n) ... W dawn (f) 'gift; talent'; OIr. dán 'fate; (later) gift' > ..... MdlIr. dán 'gift' ... < CC *daan-om, *doon-om GIRDLE ... (n) ... W crys (m) 'shirt'; OIr. criss 'girdle' > Mn crios (gsg ..... creasa) 'belt, zone' ... < CC *kriss-os/-us, *kreis- < PIE *kreits- GOAT ... (n) ... W gafr (f) 'goat' (bwch gafr 'billy-goat'); OIr. gabor, -ur ..... (m) > Mn gabhar, ScG gobhar ... < CC *gabr-o- (= Gaul.) : the OIr. is ..... not to be confused with _gabar, gabor_ (m/f) 'horse; mare' GOD ... (n) ... W duw; OIr. día > Mn/ScG dia /d´i@/; Gaul. deus ... < CC ..... *deiw-os GOING, MOTION ... (n) ... W taith; OIr. techt 'going, heading [for st]' ..... (-chuid, -coid 'has gone') > Mn teacht (past 3 sg chuaigh [sé]), ScG ..... teachd /t´ax@t/ 'approach, arrival' ... < CC *tikt-aa (from same root, ..... *tikht[i]j- > W teithio 'to travel'; OIr. téit, -tét 'goes forth; ..... attains' [M 2011: *steeg-ti; MacBain: *to-eeit]) : cf. MnIr. inf téigh ..... (1 sg téim 'I go') which would come from (e.g.) *t(o)-eeg-is (*-us), ..... *-ii, *-aa; & W mor-dwy 'voyage, sea voyage' < *mori-teig-s, *-teeg-s ..... (JMJ p. 99) ........... see also /MOVE, WALK/ GOLD ... (n) ... W aur (m); OIr. ór (nt: gsg óir) > Mn ór (m: gsg óir) ... < ..... (V)Lat. aur-um GOOD ... (adj) ... W da: (yn dda: 'well'); OIr. deg-, dag- > Mn dea- ..... ('bene-'), ScG deagh (= math[1], syn. #1); Gaul. Dago- ... < CC ..... *dag-os, *deg-os : for the Goidelic prefixes see also Thur §§ 345, 365 ..... (OIr. so-, su- < *su[ph]-, cf. Hitt. shuupi 'pure', Lat. sup-) || [1] ..... O/MnIr. maith (Mn go ~ 'well') < CC *mati-s - see also /WELL/ GOOSE ... (n) ... W gw+ydd (m; older f per JMJ § 137.iii?); OIr. géd > Mn ..... gé (f: gsg ~), ScG gèadh (m/f: gsg geòidh) ... < CC *geid-aa (gsg ..... *-aas) GRAIN ... (n) ... W grawn; OIr. grán ... < CC *graan-o- (prob. asg, *-om) ........... (corn) ... W y+d (m); OIr. ith, hith (nt: gsg etha) > Mn ioth-, ..... ScG iodh- ... < CC *[ph]itu-s GRAMMAR ... (n) ... W gramadeg; OIr. grammatach (f) > Mn gramadach (f: gsg ..... gramadaí) ... < (V)Lat. grammatic-a (gsg -ae) GRASS ... (n) ... W gwair (m) 'hay'; OIr. féor, fér (nt) 'grass' > Mn féar ..... (m), ScG feur, fiar 'id.' ... < CC *wegr-on/-om GREY ... (adj) ... W llwyd; OIr. líath > Mn/ScG liath ... < CC *[ph]leit-o- GRIEF ... (n) ... W (+)hoed (= Mn aeth, galar[1]); OIr. saeth (for Mn brón, ..... dobrón) > ScG saoth (f) 'labour, tribulation, life of hardship' ... < ..... CC *saitu-s < *saj(w)t- || [1] so also in OIr. (whence Mn/ScG galar ..... 'disease [#1], affliction'), < CC *galr-os ........... see also /BESETTING/ GULL, SEAGULL ... (n) ... W gwylan (m/f); OIr. faoilenn > Mn faoileán (m), ..... ScG faoileag, faoileann ... < CC *wujilan-o- ~ *woilenn-o- HAIR ... (n) ... W gwallt (m); OIr. folt (m) > Mn folt [qq. folt gruaige], ..... ScG falt (m/f: gsg fuilt) 'hair on the head' ... < CC *walt-o- (gsg ..... *-i) HAMMER ... (n) ... W gordd (f; < OW ord) 'hammer, mallet'; OIr. ord ... < ..... CC *oord-om || for W g- see JMJ § 112.ii. HAND ... (n) ... W llawf, llaw (ach law [JMJ p. 401], ger llaw 'close to, ..... near'); OIr. lám (gsg láime) > Mn lámh (gsg láimhe), ScG làmh ... < ..... CC *[ph]laam-aa (gsg *-aas/PGoid. *-iaas) HANDY, CONVENIENT ... (adj) ... W hylaw; OIr. solam > Mn soláimh-sithe ..... 'manageable' ... < CC *sulaam-os HARM, INJURY ... (n) ... W argywedd; OIr. erchoat, -chót > Mn/ScG urchóid ..... (f) ... < CC *ari-kowed- (pres 3 sg verb *-et > OIr. ar-coat 'he ~s') HARP; FIDDLE ... (n) ... W crwth (m) 'fiddle, crowd [mus.], purr'; OIr. ..... crott 'harp, lute' > Mn/ScG cruit (f) 'small harp'... < CC *krutt-aa HASTE, HURRY ... (n) ... W brys (m) 'haste, hurry'; OIr. ?bras- (MacBain: ..... #1 deinmne, deibed, fúadar); in MnIr. bros-taigh 'to hurry [up], make ..... haste' ... < CC *brits-o-, *br@st- : cp. *brut-us 'heat, boiling' HAVE, HAS, IS ... (poss exp) ... see /THAT IS/ HAWTHORN ... (n) ... W ysbyddad (coll f); OIr. scé (gsg sciath) > Mn sceach ..... (f) 'thornbush; hawthorn', ScG sgitheach, sgeach ... < CC *skwiyat-s ..... (JMJ p. 143) HAY; GRASS ... (n) ... W gwair (m) 'hay'; OIr. fér > Mn féar (m), ScG feur, ..... fiar 'grass' ... < CC *wegr-o- HEAD ... (n) ... W penn, pen; OIr. cenn (gsg cinn) > Mn ceann /k´a:n/ (gsg ..... cinn; thar ceann 'on behalf of'), ScG ceann /k´eun/ (gsg cinn); Gaul. ..... pennos ... < CC *kwenn-o- (gsg *-i; dsg *-uui/-ooi > W #_pyn_ in ..... _erbyn_ 'by, against' : see /FACING/) HEAP, MOUND, HILLOCK ... (n) ... W crug (m: -iau); MnIr./ScG cruach (f) ..... 'heap, pile; hill, mountain'; Gaul. *krouka: ... < CC *krouk-aa HEAR ... (v) ... W clywed (clywaf 'I will hear' [< n. clyw!]); OIr. ..... ro-cluin-iur 'I hear' (-cluinethar 'hears'; pp clothe; vn clúas) > Mn ..... cluin, clois (pp cloiste; vn cluinstin, cloisteáil), ScG cluinn (vn ..... -tinn) .... < CC *klew- (*klewoo 'I hear' [original conjugation - cf. ..... /BESEECH/]; dep 1 sg *kluniooro, 3 sg *klunutro ~ *klunjet[o]r; pp ..... *klutos), *klewitaa (> W inf); *klous-taa, *kleus-taa (OIr. vn = W ..... clust 'ear') HEARING; HEARSAY ... (n) ... W clyw; OIr. clú > Mn clú, ScG cliù 'renown' ..... (MnIr. 'hearing' is _éisteacht_, f) ... < CC *klew-os (> *klowi- > W ..... word) : ad notam: when not originally a short root noun, a 'verbal ..... noun' type of MnIr. substantive with final -ú (-iú) usually results ..... from OIr. -ugud (-igud) (Routledge, "Celtic", p. 129) HEAT ... (n: warmth) ... W gwre:s (m); OIr. grís (also 'fiery redness'), ..... O/MnIr. gor ... < CC *(g)w.riss-on, *grins-; *gwor- ........... W tes (m); OIr. tess > Mn/ScG teas (m) ... < CC *tep-stu- ........... (n: passion) ... W (+)llawd 'heat' (adj llodig 'in heat'); OIr. ..... *láth > Mn láth (m) 'heat, rut' ... < CC *laat-os HEATHER ... (n) ... W grug (for *gwrug); OIr. froech > Mn/ScG fraoch (gsg ..... fraoigh) ... < CC *wroik-os (gsg *-i) : regular CC *oi > Mn Goid. ao HEAVEN, SKY ... (n) ... W ne:f[1]; OIr. nem (nt: gsg nime) > Mn neamh (f: ..... gsg neimhe) ... < CC *nem-os (*f: gsg *-esos) < *nem- 'to curve' : W ..... nefol 'caelestis' would be CC *nemaal-o- if historical [vs. OIr. ..... nemdae < prob. *-(i)jo- (f *-ijaas) for *-aajo-, *-en(V)s (cf. id., ..... H&K p. 55!) or *nemdViwos (/SHINY/)] || [1] long vowel: Lockwood 1969 ........... W wybr, wybr-en (both f) 'sky'; OIr. im(m)rim 'storm' ... < CC ..... *eibbr-, *eimbr- < PIE *embhri- (JMJ pp. 154-5) : note also ..... *uks-ber-et 'offers, carries up' HEAVY ... (adj) ... W trwm (f trom); OIr. tromm[1] (cpv. trummu) > Mn trom ..... < CC *trumb-os (possibly Bryth. form of *tru[d]-s-mos 'oppressive') ..... vs. *trutsm-os (Ward 1982); the OIr. cpv. would regularly be < *-joos ..... || [1] an online glossary suggests this was also frequently used for ..... the noun 'weight' (instead of _trummae_ [Thur § 166/257], ..... *_trumm[i]us_) HEEL ... (n) ... W sawdl (m/f); OIr. sál (f) > Mn sáil (= ScG) 'heel' ... < ..... CC *saatl-aa/-oo < PIE *staa-tl- : see also /ANKLE/ HERD, FLOCK ... (n) ... W gre: (f); OIr. graig (gsg grega) > Mn groigh, ScG ..... greigh (f: gsg -e) ... < CC *greg-.m/n or *greg-is (gsg *-ous/*-e:s) ..... : same PIE word as Lat. grex (grege-) HERMITAGE ... (n) ... W diserth; OIr. dísert > Mn díseart (m) 'retreat, ..... hermitage, hideaway' ... < (V)Lat. de:sert-um HIDE ... (n: skin) ... W croen 'hide, rind'; OIr. crocenn 'tergus' > Mn ..... craiceann (m), ScG craicionn 'skin' ... < CC *krokn-o-; *krokkenn- ........... (v: conceal) ... W celu (cel-); OIr. ce(i)l-im 'I hide' > Mn ..... ceil (1 sg -im; vn ceilt), ScG ceil (vn cleath, cleith) ... < CC ..... *kel- (vn *k@let-is) : for Bryth. also *deeru-kel-aaw- > W dirgelu ..... 'id.' - contrast OIr. celid 'reveals' (!) < *cechl- < *kikl- ..... (Routledge, "Celtic", p. 64) HIGH, ELEVATED ... (adj) ... W uchel; OIr. úasal, uassal > Mn uas- 'upper, ..... top', uasal 'nobleman' (ScG 'noble, proud'); Gaul. uxello- ... < CC ..... *ouksel-os (k / kh) or *oupsel-os (H&K) < PIE *upsel- HIGHLANDS, PLATEAU ... (n) ... W (+)llwyf[1] > llwyf-an (m/f) 'stage, ..... platform'; OIr. slíab 'mountain' > Mn sliabh (m: gsg sléibhe) ..... 'mountain; moor' ... < CC *sleib-os || [1] not to be confused with ..... llwyf 'elm(s)' < *leim-aa (*l@m-o- > MdlIr. lem > Mn leamh-án, m) HOLD; TAKE IN ... (v) ... W gafael, -yd (-af) 'hold'; MnIr. gabh (-aim; vn ..... -áil; gabh!) 'take; accept' (ScG, 'take, have; give, deliver': vn ..... gabhail) ... < CC *gabagli- vs. *gabaglaa; *gab- (3 sg *gab-it) HONEY ... (n) ... W me+l (m); OIr. mil (gsg mela) > Mn/ScG mil (f) ... < CC ..... *meli(t)- HORSE ... (n) ... W march (pl meirch); OIr. marc > Mn/ScG (+)marc (= ..... capall, syn. #1); Gaul. marko- (Lockwood 1969); Gal. marka ... < CC ..... *mark-os (m; npl *-ii); *-aa (f) : adj *-aak-os > W marchog 'knight' HOUR ... (n) ... W awr; OIr. húar, úar > Mn/ScG uair ... < (V)Lat. ho:ra : ..... OIr. gsg forms _(h)óre, húare_ became the conj 'because' (+Nas. : ..... Thur §§ 236, 497, 504) > Mn óir (conj) 'for', ScG oir 'since, for, ..... because' HOUSE ... (n) ... W ty+ (pl tai); OIr. tech (gsg tige) > Mn/ScG teach ..... /t´ax/ (gsg tí), ScG (usual) taigh ... < CC *teg-os, *tig-os (gsg ..... *-esos; pl *-esa [JMJ; = apl *-esas currently?] > *tigja > W tai) HOUSEHOLD ... (n) ... W teulu; OIr. teglach > Mn teaghlach ... < CC ..... *tego-sloug-o- ('house-host' - see /TROOP/) HOW ... (interr) ... see /WHO, WHAT/ HUMBLE, OBEDIENT ... W ufyll 'humble, meek'; OIr. umal 'id.' (w/ an-umal ..... 'disobedient', es-umal 'unruly, presumptuous') > Mn umhal (eas-umhal ..... 'disobedient'), ScG ùmhal (anton. eas-ùmhail) ... < (V)Lat. humil-is HUNDRED ... (num) ... W cant; OIr. cét /ke:d/ > Mn céad, ScG ceud ... < CC ..... *kantom ~ *kn.ton HUNT ... (v & n) ... W hel, hela 'to hunt', helfa 'a hunt'; OIr. selg > Mn ..... seilg, ScG sealg 'a hunt' ... < CC *selg-, nf *selg-aa (L&P § 37) HURDLE, FRAME ... (n) ... W clwyd (f) 'hurdle; rack'; OIr. clied, cliath > ..... Mn cliath (f: gsg cléithe) 'hurdle; frame; (mus.) stave, staff, ScG ..... clath, cliath 'harrow, hurdle' ... < CC *kleet-aa, *kleit-aa (gsg ..... *-aas, *-iaas) ICE ... (n) ... W ia+ (m); OIr. aig (f: gsg ega, ego) > Mn (in cpd.) ..... oigh-ear (m) 'ice', ScG eigh, deigh (f: gsg -e) ... < CC *jagi-s, ..... *jegi-s : ext-d *jegiret-on > OIr. aigred > Mn oighreadh, ScG oighre ..... (f) 'id.' ILL, CONDITION-RIDDEN ... (adj/n) ... W claf 'sick, ill; a sick person'; ..... OIr. clam 'leprous' > Mn (+)clamh 'scurvy', clamh-ach 'mangy', ScG ..... (+)clamh 'a leper' ... < CC *klam-o- IMAGE, FORM ... (n) ... W delw (f) 'image, form; statue'; OIr. delb (f: ..... gsg delb[a]e) 'shape' > Mn deilbh (f: gsg -e) 'appearance, shape', ..... dealbh (f) 'statue', ScG dealbh 'picture' (pl -an/deilbh) ... < CC ..... *delw-o-[; (W) *del-uu (Ward) vs. *delw-en- (q.v. JMJ § 202)] ........... MdlIr. iomáig > Mn íomhá 'image (syn. #1); statue', ScG ..... ìomhaigh 'image' ... < (V)Lat. ima:go (ima:gin-) INJURY ... (n) ... W argywedd; OIr. erchoat, -chót > Mn/ScG urchóid (f) ..... 'harm' ... < CC *are-kowed- (pres 3 sg verb *-et > OIr. ar-coat) INSIPID ... (adj) ... W merw- 'numb-'; OIr. meirb 'ineffective, lifeless, ..... inert, feeble' > Mn/ScG meirbh ... < CC *mer-us or *merwi- *'soft' IRON ... (n) ... W haearn; OIr. iarn > Mn iarann, ScG iarunn ... < CC ..... *isarn-o-, *eisarn-o-; from asg (*-on, *-om) according to Thur ISLAND ... (n) ... W ynys; O/MnIr. inis, ScG innis ... < CC *eniss-ii, ..... *iniss-ii JOURNEY, DIRECTION, COURSE ... (n) ... W hynt (f); OIr. sét > Mn séad (m) ..... 'path', ScG saod 'journey, intention' ... < CC *sent-u-; *sent-o- : ..... related to OEngl. síth - see also /GOING/ JUMP, LEAP ... (n) ... W llam (m: pl -au); OIr. léim(m) (lingid 'he ..... jumps') > Mn léim (f), ScG leum ... < CC *lang(s)m-, *leng(s)m- ..... (*lenget[i-], *linget[i-] 'he jumps') : cf. /STEP/ KIDNEY ... (n) ... W aren (f); OIr. áru > ScG àra ... < CC *agri-n-, ..... *añgrii-n- KILL, CUT (DOWN) ... W lladd 'to kill'; OIr. slaid-im 'I strike, cut' ... < ..... CC *s[ph]lad-e/o- < PIE *sql@d- KING ... (n) ... W rhi:; OIr. rí (a/gsg ríg) > Mn rí, ScG rìgh; Gaul. -reix, ..... -ri:x ... < CC *riig-s, *reeg-s (gsg *riigos) KNEE ... (n) ... W gli:n (m); OIr. glún (nt) > Mn glúin (f: pl -e), ScG ..... glùn ... < CC *gluun-on/-om (du *-ou; npl *-aa) vs. *gnuun- < PIE ..... *ghon- KNIFE, BLADE ... (n) ... W (+)ysgíen 'slicer, scimitar'; OIr. scían 'knife' ..... > Mn scian (f: gsg scine), ScG sgian ... < CC *skeen-aa (MacBain) or ..... *skiijen-o- (M); MnW has cyllell (f) 'knife' < (V)Lat. cultell-u- (m) KNIGHT ... (n) ... W rheidyr (poet. syn., #1 _marchog_); OIr. ritire > Mn ..... ridire 'knight (#1); Sir', ScG ridir, -e ... < OEngl. ri:dere KNOW; FIND OUT ... (v) ... W gwybod (gwnn 'I am to know, will know'); OIr. ..... ro-finn-adar 'finds out, is wont to know' > Mn fionn (reg) 'discover, ..... find out' ... < CC *wid-, *weid- 'to know' (*windóo[i] 'I know'; JMJ ..... has periphrastic *widós' si > W gwyddost, pres.-fut. 2 sg), dep 3 sg ..... *windetro || OIr. ro-fetar 'I know, knew' (3 -fitir) is compared to W ..... gw+yr (a form used for 3 sg) from the assumed deponent/impersonal ..... *weid-re (JMJ § 191.iii.; Thur § 703); however see Note under L&P § ..... 469 KNOWLEDGE, RECOGNITION ... (var) ... W adwaen 'I/(s)he will recognize'; OIr. ..... aithigne, aithne 'recognition' > Mn/ScG aithne (f: in Goid., 'to know' ..... is expressed using its synonyms [~, fios, eolas] +poss prep : ScG _an ..... aithne dhut?_ 'do you know?', lit. 'is [there] knowledge to you?') ... ..... < CC *ati-gni(j)o-; (W) *ati-(wo)-gegn- (JMJ p. 356) LADY ... (n) ... W rhiain 'maiden' (pl rhianedd); OIr. ríga(i)n 'queen' > ..... Mn ríoghan > ríon, ban-ríon 'id.' ... < CC *riigan-ii : concerning ..... Goidelic ban-, see Thur § 254 LAKE ... (n) ... W llyn (m/f); OIr. lind (nt) > Mn linn (f) 'pool, pond' ... ..... < CC *linn-is, *lind-is LAMB ... (n) ... W oen; OIr. úan > Mn/ScG uan ... < CC *ogn-os : Bryth. ..... *ogn-iikaa > W oenig (f) 'ewe' LAND, EARTH ... (n) ... W tir (m: pl -oedd) 'land, ground, territory'; OIr. ..... tír (nt: gsg -e; í cach thír 'in each/every ~') > Mn tír (f: gsg tíre) ..... 'land, country' ... < CC *teer(r)-, *tiir(r)- vs. *ters- LARGE, GREAT ... (adj) ... W mawr; OIr. már, mór > Mn mór (= ScG) ... < CC ..... *maar-os (superl. *maa[j]isam-os, *-aa > W mwyhaf) : see also /AS ..... (#2)/ LAW, STATUTE ... (n) ... W *rhaith (standalone in MacBain), in cyf-raith; ..... OIr. recht > Mn reacht, ScG reachd ... < CC *rekt-u-, (W) *kom-rekt- ........... see also /DESERVE/ LEAD, GUIDE, TAKE, CARRY ... (v/n) ... W arwain (arweiniaf) 'lead, conduct; ..... carry'; OIr. aradu (f) 'guidance, reins' ... < CC *ari-wedn-; vn (W) ..... *-wednaa (Ward) vs. *-wedn-o- (Schrijver); nf *-wedonaa (OIr., id) : ..... JMJ gives *ari-wegn- for W instead (cognate to Lat. vehere/veho:; ..... same root that gave /WAGON/) LEATHER ... (n) ... W lledr; OIr. lethar > Mn/ScG leathar */l´ae:r/ ... < ..... CC *[ph]letr-o- LEFT ... (adj) ... W (+)cledd 'left, not right' (now: chwith, aswy); OIr. ..... clí > Mn clí (= ScG) 'left; wrong' ... < CC *klij-o- ........... W chwith 'left; wrong; reverse'; MnIr./ScG ciotach 'left-handed; ..... awkward, clumsy' ... < CC *(s)kitt-u-, *(s)kwitt-u- LEG ... (n) ... W coes; OIr. coss > Mn cos, ScG also cas ... < CC *koks-aa ..... or (V)Lat. coxa 'hip' LENGTH ... (n) ... W hyd 'length'; (prep) 'as far as, until'; OIr. sith ..... 'length' ... < CC *sit-, *siti- : cf. /STRONG (#3)/ LESS ... (adj/adv) ... W llai (= 'smaller'), yn llai (adv); OIr. laigiu > Mn ..... lú 'smaller', níos lú 'less' (adv) ... < CC *lag-joos (Ward, *-ijuus; ..... regular cpv. suffix - for OIr. cpv. in _-a_, see /LONG/; /STRONG/) ........... (privative phrases: see /WITHOUT/; /HUMBLE/) LETTER ... (n) ... W llythyr (m) 'letter, epistle'; MnIr./ScG litir (f: gsg ..... litreach) 'id.' ... < (V)Lat. littera (orig. 'letter of the alphabet') LICK ... (v) ... W llyfu (llyfaf, 3 sg/impt llyf); OIr. líg-im 'I lick' > ..... Mn ligh (1 sg lím) ... < CC *lig-, *leig- (new 1 sg *-aami, 3 sg *-at; ..... impt *-aa) < PIE *lingh-w- LIFE ... (n) ... W bywyd (m); OIr. bethu (m), betha 'life, live state' > ..... Mn/ScG beatha (f) ... < CC *biwotuuts, *biwit-ii LIGHT ... (n) ... W (+)llug (= Mn golau[1]); OIr. lóch-et 'lightening' > Mn ..... lóch- (see /TORCH/) ... < CC *leuk-, *louk-, whence come also W am-lwg ..... 'obvious', go-lwg (*wo-loukon) 'sight, appearance' || [1] CC *wolougus LIKE ... (prep) ... see /AS/ LITTLE ... (adj) ... W ba:ch[1]; OIr. bec(c) (dsg biucc, also adv = in biucc ..... 'a little') > Mn beag (adj), -án (adv, +gen/de +nom) ... < CC *beks-o- ..... < *b@ghus-o- (W); *begg-os, *bigg-os (Goid.) || [1] long vowel: L&P § ..... 136 ........... W ychydig 'very ~, slight' (< f- < b- : JMJ p. 312), bychod ..... 'small quantity'; O/MnIr. bocht 'poor' ... < CC *buk-so-t-; *bukt-o- ........... W bychan (f bechan) 'small, little, minute'; MnIr. beagán, ScG ..... beagan (m/adv) 'a little; few, a small number' ... < CC *bikk-agn-os LOAF ... (n) ... W torth (f); OIr. tort ... < CC/PIE *torst- 'baked' : Lat. ..... tostus < *tors[i]tos LONG, LENGTHY ... (adj) ... W hi:r (cpv. hw+y 'longer'); OIr. sír (cpv. sía) ..... < CC *siir-os, *seer-os (cpv. *see-is [Thur] < *seison < *sei-isoon ..... [JMJ]) LOOSE ... (adj) ... W llaes 'loose, flaccid, trailing'; ScG las (MacBain) ..... 'loose, slack' ... < (V)Lat. lax-u- < PIE *(s)leg- (a commonly ..... suspected source also for MnIr. leasc [ScG leisg], nf leisce; MLGerm. ..... laisch & MnEngl. lazy) LORD(SHIP) ... (n) ... W teyrn 'a sovereign'; OIr. tigerne > Mn tiarna, ScG ..... tighearn(a) (m) 'lord; (Ir.) peer' ... < CC *tegern-os; *-i-os, *-i-aa ..... : discussed in Schrijver 1995 pp. 63-64 LOSE; LOSS ... (v; n) ... W colli (coll-; lit. 3 sg cyll) 'to lose', coll ..... (m) = colled (m/f) 'loss'; OIr. coll 'loss'[1], MnIr. caill 'lose, ..... miss out', caill (f) 'loss' ... < CC *kold-o- 'damage, loss'; W inf ..... would represent *koldiim-en, *koldejm-en (or *-aa); for the nf, M ..... gives *koldetaa (ergo, Brythonic or later) || [1] Thur § 153: ..... "'violation (of a law, etc.)', perhaps cognate with Lat. culpa" LOVE, AFFECTION ... (n) ... W serch (m); OIr. serc (a serc ade 'their love' ..... = 'love for them'[1]) > Mn searc (f), ScG seirc ... < CC *s(t)erk-o-; ..... *-aa || [1] L&P § 345; for _ade_ cf. W enclitics with possessive! ........... (v) ... W caru (caraf 'I am wont to love', 3 sg ca+r); ca+r (m) ..... 'relation, kinsman, friend'; OIr. car(a)im 'I love' (3 sg ..... caraid/-cara; pp carthi), cara(e) 'friend' (asg carait) > Mn cara, ..... ScG caraid 'friend' (gsg caraid) ... < CC *kar- (*karaat-i, *kara[a]t ..... 'he loves' [Thur § 197]; pp *karatos), *karaaw-en/-o- (W inf), ..... *karant-s (nm; the ScG form would also result from CC *karaat-[i]os, ..... *kar[ri]ti-, *k[o]-ad-ra[n]t-os); aorist past *kárass-anti > MnW ..... carasan(t) 'they loved', OIr. carsait LOVING; LOVED ... (adj) ... W cu 'dear, fond, kind, beloved'; OIr. cóim, ..... cóem > Mn/ScG caomh 'gentle, tender' ... < CC *koim-os *'dear, at ..... home' : MnIr. nm caomhnú, ScG caomhnadh 'sparing, preservation' ..... either comes from CC *koimo-now-on or contains the prefixed root ..... (*kom-an[en]g-[1]) of OIr. aing-im 'I protect' (of old associated ..... with CC *nak[w]- or *nek- postulated from vn anacol & aor. anacht-) ..... || [1] sim. concluded by Schmidt in Polomé & Winter (ed.) 1992, p. 46 LOW ... (adj) ... W isel 'low, shallow'; OIr. issel, ísel > Mn íseal 'low; ..... (nm) commoner' ... < CC *endsl-o- (vs. *iisselos < *iissu 'below' in ..... Ward 1982) LOWLAND, HEATH, MOOR ... (n) ... W gwaun (f); OIr. fán ... < CC *waakn- LUCK ... (n) ... see /CHARM/ MAN, -MAN; HUSBAND ... (n) ... W gw+r; OIr. fer (gsg fir : L&P § 284) > ..... Mn/ScG fear (gsg fir) ... < CC *wir-os [JMJ: final stress] (asg *-om, ..... gsg *-i) : W adj gwrol 'manly' would < *wiraal-o- if historical; W ..... gwryw 'male' (n/adj) is from *wirowj-os MANY ... (adj) ... see /MUCH/; /ENOUGH/ MASS (CATHOLIC) ... (n) ... W offeren (f); OIr. oifrend > Mn aifreann (m) ..... < (V)Lat. offerend-a; -um MATERIAL, SUBSTANCE ... (n) ... W defnydd (m; also 'a use, purpose'); OIr. ..... damnae > Mn damhna 'matter, substance' ... < CC *damnij-o-, ..... *damn.j-o- MEETING, SERMO ... (n) ... W dadl (f: pl -euon, -au) 'dialogue, debate, ..... controversy'; OIr. dál [Thur § 125] > Mn dáil (f) (= ScG) 'meeting, ..... assembly' ... < CC *datl-aa, *-on MENTAL EXCITEMENT ... (n) ... W gw+ys 'summons'; OIr. fiss, fiuss > Mn/ScG ..... fios 'knowledge' ... < CC *wiss- or *wid-tu-/-to- (*wid- 'to know') : ..... see /KNOW/ MERCILESS ... (adj) ... W anhrugar-og; OIr. étrócar (Mn míthrócaireach = ..... extended?) ... < CC *n.-trougaakar-os; *-aak-os (W) : q.v. JMJ p. 256 MERCY ... (n) ... W trugaredd; O/MnIr. trócaire, ScG tròcair ... < CC ..... *trougo-karj-aa (JMJ: *trougaa-karíjaa) : W adj with *ad- > athrugar ..... (depending on the source, this is either 'merciful' or 'merciless'!) MIRACLE ... (n) ... W gwyrth; OIr. fiurt > Mn feart 'miracle' ... < (V)Lat. ..... virt-u- (f) MIRROR ... (n) ... see /SPECTACLE/ MISERABLE ... (adj) ... W tru, tru-an; OIr. tróg (= trúag) > ScG truagh, -an ..... 'wretched, pitiful' ... < CC *troug-os; *troug-agn-o- or *trougant- MONTH ... (n) ... W mi:s (m); OIr. mí (m: gsg mís) > Mn mí (gsg míosa), ScG ..... míos ... < CC *meens, *miins MORE ... (adv comp) ... W mw:y (MdlW qq. moe); OIr. mao, mó[u] [1] > Mn ..... [níos] mó ... < CC *maajoos (also the comparative of 'large, great'); ..... the same root also appears in two related forms, (Mdl)W nam(w)yn 'but, ..... only' (/EXCEPT/) and OIr. nama:a 'not more' || [1] superl. in máam ..... 'the most' < CC *endo maa- MOUNTAIN ... (n) ... W mynydd; ScG monadh (gsg monaidh) ... < CC *monij-os MOUSE ... (n) ... W llyg (f) 'shrew', llygoden (f) 'mouse' (ll. fawr 'rat'); ..... OIr. luch 'mouse' (gsg lochad) > Mn luchóg, luch 'mouse' (luch mhór ..... 'rat') ... < CC *[ph]luk-, *[ph]luk-oot-s (gsg *-otos; Bryth. npl ..... *-otes > W llygod) MOUTH ... (n) ... W ge+n (f) 'jaw, chin', gen-au (m) 'mouth; muzzle'; OIr. ..... gin (gsg geno : L&P § 72); in Gaul. pr n Genaua ... < CC *genu-; (W) ..... *genawaa- : related to Lat. gena 'cheek' MOVE, WALK ... (v/n) ... W chwymio 'to move'; (+)chwyf 'motion'; OIr. sibal ..... (vn) 'itio, ambulatio' (3 sg siblaid 'he moves forth') > MdlIr. siubal ..... > Mn siúl (gsg siúil), ScG siubhal 'a walk; walking, to walk' ... < CC ..... *swee-zd- or *swem-[1] (W); *swee-swe-l- vs. *s(w)iumal- (Goid.) || ..... [1] the root of MnEngl. 'swim' ........... see also /GOING, MOTION/ MOVE FORWARD ... (v) ... W ysgogi (3 sg ysgyg) (tr) '(get to) move, actuate, ..... budge'; OIr. scuch-im 'I depart, get going' ... < CC *skekn-, *skokn-; ..... also in *skekn-on > MnIr. scéin (f) 'terror' MUCH ... (adv) ... W yn fawr (neg. fawr o ddim 'not much'); OIr. in már > Mn ..... mórán (+gen/de +n) 'much, a lot of, many' ... CC *en-do; *maar-o- : ..... see also /STRENGTH/; /GREAT/ MUST ... see /NEED, NECESSITY/ : Goid. caith[fidh] ('must' in suppositions ..... and invitations) was preceded by OIr. caithid < CC *kat-iit NAIL ... (n) ... W ewin (m/f); OIr. ingen, inga (npl ingnea) > Mn/ScG ionga ..... (f; npl ingne) ... < CC *angwiin-aa (n/apl *-aas if regular) : related ..... to Lat. unguis 'id.' NAKED ... (adj) ... W noeth; OIr. nocht > Mn [lom-]nocht, ScG nochd ... < ..... CC *nokw.t-o-, whence also MnIr. nochtadh (m) 'disclosure' (looking ..... like a descendant of OIr. -[i]ud, -ad : compare /WARNING/) NAME ... (n) ... W enw (m); OIr. ainm (nt) > Mn/ScG ainm (m: pl -neacha); ..... Gaul. (pl) anuana ... < CC *anman-, *anmen- (nt; for discussion see ..... Schrijver 1995, pp. 93-94, 395-6) : from the source of Lat. no:men NARROW; SLENDER ... (adj) ... W cyfyng 'narrow, confined; difficult'; OIr. ..... cumang, cumung > Mn cúng < (+)cúmhang, ScG cumhang 'narrow, ..... constricted' ... < CC *kom-ing[j]-u- ........... W cul 'narrow'; OIr. cóil > Mn/ScG caol 'thin; slender' ... < CC ..... *koil-o- NATION ... (n) ... see /QUALITY/ NEAR ... (prep) ... W ger, gyr (= ger-lláw[1]); MnIr. gar do, i ngar do ... ..... < CC *ker-, *kar- vs. *ger-, *gor- : for W, see JMJ § 214 || [1] cf. ..... MnIr. in aice láimhe 'nearby' (adj) : /HAND/ (q.v.) ........... see also /RIM/ ........... (adv) ... see /AND/; /DOOR/ NECK ... (n) ... W (+)mynwgl, mwnwgl; OIr. muinél > Mn muineál (m) ... < CC ..... *monikl-on (basic stem *moni- gave > W mw+n 'neck' [L&P & MacBain]; ..... Goid. muin [f] 'the back, [MnIr.] a horse's back') NEED, NECESSITY ... (n) ... W angen, anghen-raid (= rhaid!); OIr. écen 'a ..... need' (iss-um écen 'I must') > Mn éigean, ScG èiginn 'compulsion, ..... distress' (b'éigean dom +act n 'I had to') ... < CC *anken-aa; ..... *[ph]ratj-o- (in W syn.; also in spoken W _rhaid i mi_ +len 'I must') NEST ... (n) ... W nyth (m/f); OIr. net, nett > Mn nead (f) ... < CC ..... *nisd-os, (JMJ) *nidhd-os NEW ... (adj) ... W newydd (pl -ion = 'news'); OIr. nu(a)e, núide > Mn nua ..... (< (+)núadh : nuacht 'news'), ScG nuadh, nodha (fsg naidheachd = ..... 'news'); Gaul. novio- ... < CC *now(i)j-o-, *new(i)j-o- : common IE ..... item (Lat. novus, Lith. náujas) NIECE ... (n) ... W nith; OIr. necht > Mn neacht ... < CC *nektis or ..... *nephtis NINE ... (num) ... W naw (nawfed 'ninth'); OIr. nói-n (nón- : nómad ..... 'ninth'), MnIr. naoi ... < (W) *nowan, (OIr.) *now(n)-e-/-uu < CC ..... *newen, *nawan (*naumet-os ~ *n@wamet-os 'ninth') NOON ... (n) ... W nawn (m); MnIr. nóin (f) ... < VLat. no:n-a NOSE ... (n) ... W ffroen 'nostril'; OIr. srón 'nose' > Mn srón (f: gsg ..... sróine) ... < CC *srongnaa (Thur) < *s[ph]rugn-aa ~ *s[ph]rokn-aa ..... (gsg *-aas if regular) : W trwyn (m) 'nose' (Gal. drouggos, *ng) is ..... probably from CC *trugn- (JMJ, *prugn-os) NUMBER ... (n) ... W (+)ei-rif 'number' (now rhif); OIr. áram > Mn áireamh ..... 'calculation' ('number' is uimhir, f), ScG àireamh 'number' ... < CC ..... *ad-riim- (Thur § 125), *adriimaa (M); *riim-os (MnW; also OIr. rím) ........... W nifer (m/f) 'number'; ScG nuimhir 'id.' ... < (V)Lat. numer- OAR ... see /SCOOP (#2)/ OATH ... (n) ... W llw (m); OIr. luige ... < CC *lugi[j]on, *lugjon OBVIOUS ... (adj) ... see /VISIBLE/ OCEAN ... (n) ... W eigion; MnIr. aigéan, ScG aigeann, aigeal ... < (V)Lat. ..... o:cean- (m) OFFENCE, AFFRONT ... (n) ... W cw+l; OIr. col > Mn col 'aversion', ScG col ..... 'sin' ... < CC *kul-o- (traditionally not equated with Lat. culpa; JMJ ..... nevertheless glosses W cw+l as 'fault', § 86.i.5) OFTEN ... see /FREQUENT/ OLD ... (adj) ... W he+n, hen; OIr. sen(-) > Mn sean 'old' (of things), ScG ..... seann /sheun/; Gaul. seno- ... < CC *sen-os (cpv. *sen-joos or *-ijuus ..... > W hy+n; OIr. siniu = ScG [nas] sine) ONE ... (num, adj) ... W un (m/f); OIr. óen, óin ([messe] m-óinur 'I alone') ..... > Mn/ScG aon (am aonar 'by myself') ... < CC *oin-os (m), *oin-aa (f) ONION ... (n) ... W wynwyn-en (f); OIr. inniun, uindiun > Mn oinniún, ScG ..... uinnean (m) ... < VLat. unio:n-em (asg) (W with Bryth. *-in[d]aa, ..... *-en[d]aa [vs. hypothetical *-endon]) OR ... (conj) ... W neu (+Soft); OIr. nó, nu > Mn nó (w/ neg., ná), ScG na ..... < CC *newe (for discussion see JMJ p. 441) ORDER, RANK, GUILD ... (n) ... W urdd (f: pl -au); OIr. ord 'ordination' > ..... Mn ord (m) 'order, arrangement, sequence' ... < Lat. o:rd-o: (m: npl ..... -ine:s) OTHER ... (adj: L&P § 371) ... W ail[l]; OIr. aile (def. int aile) > Mn ..... eile; Gaul. allos 'second, other' ... < CC *alj-o-, *alalj-o- || for ..... anomalous W _y llall_ 'the other one (person, thing)' see JMJ p. 304 ........... W arall (pl ereill); OIr. araile ... < CC *arálj-o- < *alalj-o- ..... (pl *aráljii < *alaljii) : for usage of W form see JMJ p. 299 OTTER ... (n) ... W dwr-gi (m: pl -gwn); MnIr. dobharchú (m) ... both with ..... CC *dubr-o- 'water' + *kuu-, *kun- 'dog' : cf. Finn. turkki 'fur coat' PAIN, ACHE ... (n) ... W poen; OIr. pían > Mn/ScG pian ... < (V)Lat. poena PART, PORTION, SHARE ... (n) ... W rhann, rhan; OIr. rann > Mn roinn, ScG ..... rann ... < CC *rann-aa < *[ph]rasn-aa (i-stem *[ph]ranni-) < PIE ..... *pr@-t-snaa (cf. Lat. pars, part-) PATIENCE ... (n) ... MdlW anmynedh > MnW amynedd (m); OIr. ainmne ... < CC ..... *an-menj-aa (< PIE *n.-smenijaa) vs. *ande-mnijaant-s PAYMENT ... (n) ... w ta+l 'payment, charge'; MdlIr. taile > Mn táille (f) ..... 'fare, fee, charge', ScG tail 'substance, wages' ... < CC *tal-, *tel- ..... : whence also W talu 'to pay', ta+l 'he is to pay' (CC *tal-aaw- ..... [trad., vs. e.g. *-euj-, *-(V)uj- : cf. JMJ § 78.i.2]: 3 sg *talat) PEAK, MOUNTAIN ... (n) ... W ban (m/f); OIr. benn > Mn (+)beann, binn (f) ..... 'cliff' (vs. mullach 'm. top'), ScG (+)beann, beinn 'mountain; peak, ..... top'; Gaul. canto-bennicus 'white peak mount' ... < CC *benn-aa (f); ..... adj *benn-aak-o- 'pointed' PEARL ... (n; pr n) ... W (+)mererid (now as noun = perl, m); OIr. ..... marg(a)réit > Mn Mairéad ... < (V)Lat. margari:ta (f) PEOPLE ... (n) ... W llwyth (m) 'tribe, clan'; OIr. lucht (m) 'household, ..... crew, complement; contents, cargo' > cpd. elem. MnIr. lucht- (ScG ..... luchd-) "people (of ..ing)", i.e. '-ery, (troupe of) -ers, -ists, ..... -folk, -type'; Gaul. lukhtos (Ward) ... < CC *lukt-o-, *lukt-u- < IE ..... *plug- ........... (nation) W tud (f); OIr. túath (gsg túaithe, npl túatha) ..... > Mn tuath (gsg tuaithe); Gaul. touta, toota 'tribe' ... < CC *tout-aa, ..... *teut-aa (gsg *-ijaas, npl *-aas) : cognate of Lith. tautà PERSON, HUMAN ... (n) ... W dy+n, dy:n (pl dynion : JMJ § 121); OIr. duine ..... (gsg duini; npl dóini) > Mn/ScG duine /'d[w]in´@/ (pl daoine) ... < CC ..... *(g)donj-os (gsg *-i; npl *-ii) PHYSICIAN, DOCTOR ... (n) ... W meddyg (m: pl -on); OIr. midach 'physician' ..... < (V)Lat. medic-us PIERCED, PERFORATED ... (adj) ... W trydwll (f -doll); OIr. tretholl (MnIr. ..... ?_treáite_ is a different formation) ... < CC *tri-tuksl-os (k > kh) PILLAGE, RAID ... (n) ... W herw (f); OIr. serb (= foserb) ... < CC *serw-on PLACE ... (n; elem) ... W llan (f) 'yard; village, parish'; OIr. lann, land ..... (m) 'plot of land' > Mn/ScG (+)lann (f) ... < CC *land-aa : used ..... toponymically to form nouns like W gwin-llan 'vineyard'; Mn Goid. ..... leabhar-lann 'library'; cf. also MnIr. lantán (f) 'a small green ..... patch' PLENTY ... see /STRENGTH/ PLOUGH ... (n) ... W aradr (f: pl erydr); OIr. arathar (*nt) ... < CC ..... *aratr-om/on : cognate of Lat. ara:trum POEM ... (n) ... MdlW nad (?= MnW nad 'cry, howl'); OIr. nath > Mn nath (m) ..... 'adage, saying' ... < CC *(s)naat-u- : cp. *snaat-os 'thread' > MnIr. ..... snáth 'thread, yarn' POSSESSION, WEALTH ... (n) ... W helw, elw (m); OIr. selb > Mn seilbh (f; ..... sealbh-), ScG sealbh 'possession, property' ... < CC *selw-o- (JMJ) or ..... *selw-aa (MacBain) < early *sel- 'take in', whence also OIr. selaim ..... 'I take' & OEngl. sellan PRAISE ... (n) ... W (+)molawd (= Mn mawl, canmoliaeth); OIr. molad > Mn ..... moladh ... < CC *molaat-[os/on] (v stem *mol-ej-/-oj- > W moli 'to ..... praise', MnIr. mol) PRAY ... (v) ... W gweddïo (gweddïa 'he will pray'; gweddi 'prayer'); OIr. ..... guid-im 'I pray' (vn guidhe) > Mn guigh (guím 'I pray'), ScG guidh (-e ..... 'prayer' = vn) ... < CC *godio- (MacBain, nominal stem?), *godit 'he ..... prays', vn *godiaa, *gediaa (Ward 1982) : for speculation on W -io, ..... see /REMEMBRANCE/ ........... see also /BESEECH/ PREGNANT ... (adj) ... W torrog; O/MnIr./ScG torrach ... < CC *torsaak-o- or ..... *torthaak-o- (JMJ: *torks-) PRESS ... (v) ... see /SQUEEZE/ PRICE ... (n) ... W prid (m); OIr. críth ... < CC *kw.riit-os (H&K) or *-is ..... (Ward), the noun for the verb '/BUY/' /PRINCIPAL/ ... (n) ... W tywysog 'prince, chief'; OIr. toísech 'leader'; ..... tossach (m/n) 'beginning' (loc. i tossogod/tossugud) > Mn taoiseach ..... 'chieftain'; tosach (ScG toiseach) 'beginning; front, entrance' (Ir. i ..... dtosach 'at first') ... < CC *to-wiss-aak-o-; *to-wiss-o- (+ the ..... suffix for Goid. -ach : /BUY/) < *to-wid-s- (JMJ p. 110) PROGENY ... (n) ... W hi:l (f; also 'lineage'); OIr. síl (m/n) 'seed, breed, ..... origin' ... < CC *seel- PROTECT ... (v) ... W noddi (nm nawdd '~ion', noddwr 'patron'); OIr. snád- ..... (3 sg -id, inf -ud) 'protect' ... < CC *snaad- (W inf < *-iimen or ..... *-iimaa [L&P § 38] if regular; sim. *snaado-wiro- 'protector, patron') PROUD, STRONG ... (adj) ... W balch (trad. pl beilch); OIr. balc 'stout, ..... vigorous' ... < CC *balk-os ........... see also /SWOLLEN/ PUNISHMENT; PREVENTION ... (n) ... W cosp, cosb 'penalty'; OIr. cosc > Mn 'a ..... ban', ScG caisg 'a check, stop' ... < CC *kon-sqw-o-, *kom-sqw-o- ..... (whence also W cospaf 'I am wont to punish' = OIr. coscaim) PURSE ... (n) ... W ?ysbur (MacBain), pwrs (m) (= amner, m); MnIr. sparán ..... (m), ScG sporan ... < *sburr- < Late Lat. bursa; MnEngl. purse (W) PUT, PLACE ... (v) ... W heb-gor 'to put away, aside, dispense with, omit'; ..... OIr. -cuir-iur 'I put' (3 sg -cuirethar; pp coirthi) > Mn cuir (-im 'I ..... put'; pp curtha; vn cur) ... < CC *kor, *kor-ej- (orig. 1 sg *korioo; ..... dep 1 sg *koriooro [: H&K p. 46], 3 sg *koritro; pp *koretos [for reg ..... *kort.jos?]); *sekwo-koros (W) QUALITY, HALLMARK, TRAIT ... (n) ... W iaith (f) 'language'; OIr. icht[1] ..... 'race, people' ... < CC *jekt-is (f) || [1] presumably not to be ..... confused with _icht_ 'nether, bottom' from Celtic *iktis; compare OIr. ..... íath (nt) 'land, country' RARE, RARITY ... (adj/n) ... W odid 'rare (Schrijver); rarity (JMJ)', later ..... adv 'perchance; hardly' (ond odid 'probably'); OIr. úathad, óthad ..... 'small number' > Mn uatha (adj/n) 'singular' ... < CC *au-tiit-os RAT ... (n) ... see /MOUSE/ RAVEN, CROW ... W bra+n (m/f) 'crow'; OIr. bran > ScG (+)bran 'raven' ... < ..... CC *bran-aa (speculated to be non-IE due to lack of cognates) RAW ... (adj) ... W of; OIr. om > Mn/ScG amh 'raw, uncooked' ... < CC *om-o- RED ... (adj) ... W rhudd; OIr. rúad > Mn rua; Gaul. roudo- ... < CC ..... *roud-os RELIC ... (n) ... MdlW creir > MnW crair (m); OIr. cretar, cretair ... < CC ..... *kredr-[aa, M] REMAINDER ... (n) ... W gweddill (m) 'remainder, remnant'; OIr. fuidell ..... (L&P gives adj fedil 'enduring' as cognate) > Mn fuigheall, prob. = ..... (current spelling) fuíoll (m) 'remainder' (qq. fuílleach 'surplus, ..... leftovers'), ScG fuidheall (qq. fuidhleach) ... < CC *wodil-o- REMEMBRANCE ... (n) ... W co:f (m); OIr. cuman, cuimne > Mn/ScG cuimhne (f; ..... is cuimhin le 'to remember') ... < CC *ko(m)-men-s; *ko(m)-men-ii or ..... *kom.nij-aa/-on (OIr. cuimne = MdlW covein)[1] : adj *komen-aakos > ..... MnIr. cuimhneach 'mindful'; a proto-language period ancestor for a ..... Celtic form like W cofio (v tr) could be *komeniiwV(t)-, *komeniu-, ..... *komenaaw-j- (cf. JMJ p. 106) or *komenjaa-si (PIE loc. = Lat. inf) || ..... [1] cf. JMJ p. 389; H&K suppose an early simplification of geminate ..... *mm in proto-form (p. 60) REVENGE, VENGEANCE ... (n) ... W dial (m, also inf 'to avenge'); OIr. dígal ..... (f) > Mn (+)díoghal, (now in) díol-tas (m) (ScG has dìogan, vn ..... dìoghladh, dìoladh) ... < CC *dee-gal-, *dii-gal- RIDER, HORSEMAN ... (n) ... W marchog; O/MnIr. marcach ... < CC *markaak-os RIM, EDGE, BORDER ... (n) ... W ymyl (m/f: yn ymyl 'beside, close to, near'); ..... OIr. imbel > Mn imeall (m) 'edge, border, fringe; outskirts' ... < CC ..... *imbi-[phe]l-on, *ambe-[phe]l-on < PIE *m.bhi-pel- RIVER ... (n) ... see /STREAM/ ROCK ... (n) ... see /STONE/ ROOT ... (n) ... W (pl, now also sg) gwraidd, (unit) gwreidd-yn (m); OIr. ..... frém > Mn fréamh (f), ScG freumh, friamh ... < CC *wradi-o- < ..... *wr.dj-o- (W); *wrid-maa (Goid.) : for W -yn, see /BIRD/; /CLOTH/ ROTTEN, SOUR ... (adj) ... W braen 'rotten, corrupt'; OIr. brén 'putrid, ..... stinking, rotten' > Mn bréan 'rancid, foul; fed up [de 'with']', ScG ..... breun 'putrid' ... < CC *bragn-o- vs. *mrakn-os < *mrak- 'to ferment' ROUGH, RUGGED, COARSE ... (adj) ... W garw 'rough; bumpy'; OIr. garb > Mn ..... garbh 'rough, uneven' (qq. note the abstract _gairbhe_, f) ... < CC ..... *garw-os ROUND ... (adj) ... W crwn (f cron); OIr. cruind > Mn/ScG cruinn 'round' ..... < CC *krund-is (W _cron_ is an analogical form based on _trwm_, & al.) ROWAN TREE ... (n) ... W cerddin (f); OIr. caerthann > Mn caorthann, ScG ..... caorrunn ... < CC *kairo-tann- (MacBain) vs. *-tiin-o- (M) (*kair- ..... 'berry' [nf *-aa]; *tann- 'oak-like tree') RUN ... (v) ... W rhedeg (3 sg/impt rhed; nf rhedfa, ?rhed [MacBain]); OIr. ..... reth-im 'I run' (3 -id[1]; adj ríthe = 'sale-going'; vn riuth, rith) > ..... Mn rith (-im; adj reatha; pp rite; vn/impt rith[2]), ScG ruith (vn ~) ..... < CC *ret-; *retik-aa (W inf); impt *rete! (L&P § 451); for W -fa see ..... JMJ p. 389 : in OIr. also prefixed fo-reth- = 'to help' (fo-rriuth, 3 ..... sg fo-reith); from same source come Lat. rota:re, rotundus, rota; ..... Lith. rit- 'to roll' || [1] Schmidt: *ret-s-t (for *retet) in Polomé & ..... Winter (ed.) 1992, p. 46; [2] vn appears also in prep. i rith (+gen) ..... 'during, in the course of' SAIL ... (n/v) ... W hwyl (f) 'sail (cloth); mood'; OIr. séol (*nt: gsg ..... siúil) 'course' > Mn seol (m: gsg seoil) 'sail, loom; (-aim; impt ~!) ..... to sail' ... < CC *sigl-o-, *segl-o- : for suffix in W verb _hwylio_ ..... 'to sail', see /REMEMBRANCE/ SALMON ... (n) ... MdlW ehawc > MnW eog (m); OIr. éo, éu (gsg iach) (for ..... MnIr. bradán, m) ... < CC *esáak-s, *esóok-s (gsg *-os) : cf. ..... Gallo-Lat. esox 'salmon, pike' (a word of obscure origin) and Finnish ..... hauki 'pike' (in domestic theory connected with PSlav. *shch[j]aukaa, ..... Russ. shchúka 'id.') SALT ... (n) ... W halen; O/MnIr. salann ... < CC *saleen-o-; *salann-os SCAR; WOUND ... (n) ... W craith; OIr. crecht > ScG creuchd 'wound' ... < CC ..... *krekt- vs. *krempt-o- SCHOOL ... (n) ... W ysgol; MnIr. scoil, ScG sgoil ... < (V)Lat. schola SCOOP ... (n) ... W llwy (f) 'spoon'; OIr. liag 'scoop' > Mn liach (f), ScG ..... liagh 'ladle' ... < CC *leig-aa 'ladle, spoon' ........... (shovel; oar) W rhaw (f) 'spade, shovel' (pl rhofiau), ..... rhaw-ffon (f) 'a paddle'; OIr. rámae, ráme (m/f) > Mn rámh (m) 'oar' ..... < CC *raam(j)-o-, *raam-ijo- [reg. *-(i)jaa > OIr. -ae]; (W) *raam-aa SEA ... (n) ... W mo+r; O/MnIr. muir (nt > f; = farraige[1], Mn #1); in ..... Gaul. Aremorici ... < CC *mor-i or *-im/n (OIr. gsg ?moro by Lehmann ..... looks like CC *-ous or a Latin-esque analogy from a plural) || [1] ScG ..... fairge (in W Mo+r Werydd); < OIr. foirggae, foirrce < CC [*waregiwj- ~ ..... *w.rigowi-] (MacBain: "Ptolemy's Vergivios") vs. *worr@nki-aa (Ward ..... 1982, for Goidelic) ........... W lly+r (pl llyr-au, -ion); OIr. ler > Mn/ScG lear (poet.) 'sea, ..... ocean' ... < CC *lir-o- SEARCH FOR, GO FOR ... (v) ... W haedd-u (-af, 3 sg -a) 'deserve, merit'; ..... OIr. saig-id 'he seeks' (vn saigid) - cf. Mn ran-saigid[1] 'rummage or ..... rifle through', ScG rannsaich 'research, scrutinize' ... < CC *sag-; ..... sak- (vn *sagitis, Ward 1982) : also given by Ward as the source for ..... OIr. verb suffix -ig, -aig (: /BUY/) || [1] older stem ?rannsuigh- ..... (MacBain); the Mn form perhaps represents a fusion with (or a romantic ..... remodeling of) an apparently inherited form from ONor. rannsaka (the ..... source of MnEngl. 'ransack') SEAT ... (n) ... W sedd (f) 'seat, pew'; OIr. suide 'seat' = vn 'sitting' > ..... Mn suí (m, obl) 'sitting, session' (tá mé i mo shuí 'I am sitting'), ..... suí-ochán 'seat, pew', ScG suidh, vn -e ... < CC *sodi-on, *sodj-on ..... (the W form might also result from nt *sed-on; from *sodjon we might ..... expect W *sy:dd instead) ........... W cadair 'seat' (pl cadeiriau); OIr. cathaír > Mn cathaoir, (now ..... mostly in) rí-chathaoir 'throne' ... < (V)Lat. cathedr-a (gsg/npl -ae) SEA-WEED ... (n) ... W gwymon (m); OIr. femn-ach; Mn/ScG feamainn (f) ... < ..... CC *wimmaani- < *witsmaani- or *wiksmon-aa SECRET, MYSTERY ... (n) ... W (+)rhi:n (now = cyfrinach); OIr. rún (f) > Mn ..... rún (m) ... < CC *ruun-aa (later W has *kom-) SEE; SEER ... (v/n) ... W gweled, gweld (gwel-af, 3 sg/impt gwe+l) 'to see'; ..... OIr. fil-i (gsg -ed, npl -id) 'poet, seer' (Thur § 322) > Mn file (m: ..... gsg ~, pl filí), ScG filidh 'id.' ... < CC *wel-, *wel-et- (*weliit ..... 'he/one sees'; *weliit-s 'a seer': OgIr. gsg VELITAS 'of a seer') SEED; LINEAGE ... (n) ... W hi:l (f) 'lineage, race, brood'; OIr. síl > Mn ..... síol (m) 'seed; semen' ... < CC *seel-os, *siil-os SENSE, TACT, DISCRETION ... (n) ... W pw:yll (m); OIr. cíall > Mn/ScG ciall ..... (f: gsg céille = ScG) ... < CC *kweisl-o-; *kweisl-aa SEPARATE, PART ... (v) ... W ysgar, -u (-af 'I will ~', 3 sg/impt ysgara); ..... OIr. scar-aim 'I separate' > Mn scar 'separate; diverge, spread' (vn ..... -adh), ScG sgar ... < CC *skar-e/o- (pres. 1 sg *skaraam-e/i, ixt. ..... *skar[a]oo, 3 sg *skaraat; vn *skar-atus given by Ward - for Goid. one ..... would expect *-aad- [/SUMMER/]) : not to be confused with W ysgar ..... 'enemy' from CC *eks-karant-[s] SEPARATION ... (n) ... [?Mdl]W ?hanred 'separation'; OIr. sain-reth, -red ..... (nt) 'a separate thing, specialty' (dsg sainriud = adv 'especially, in ..... particular') (Thur § 263) ... < CC *sani-s (+ suffix), whence come ..... OIr. sain 'separate, distinct' and W gwa-han-u 'to separate' (*wo-san-) SERPENT ... (n) ... W neidr (pl nadroedd) 'adder'; OIr. nathir (gsg ..... nathrach) > Mn/ScG nathair (f) 'snake, serpent' ... < (V)Lat. ..... na:tr-i:x, -i:cem (gsg -i:cis; npl -i:ce:s); W pl is formed as from ..... **naatresii - cf. Schrijver 1995, pp. 395-6 SEVEN ... (num) ... W saith (+Soft w/ stops); OIr. secht n- > Mn seacht, ScG ..... seachd; Gaul. sextam-etos 'seventh' ... < CC *sekhtam < *sephtam : ..... *sekhtamet-os 'seventh' (whence also W seithfed; OIr. sechtmad 'id.') SHADOW ... (n) ... MdlW isgaud, MnW cy-sgod (m); OIr. scáth > Mn sgáth (m, = ..... ScG) ... < CC *skaat-os, *-us; (W) *ko-skaat-os SHAMEFULNESS ... (n) ... W mefl (m) 'disgrace'; OIr. meb-ul, -ol [Thur § 125] ..... > Mn meabhal (f) 'fraud, guile' ... < CC *mebl-o- (M) vs. *mebl-aa ..... (Ward 1982); a nt original seems more likely SHE ... (pn) ... W hi; OIr. í, hí, sí > Mn sí, í, ise, ScG i, ise ... < CC ..... *sii (emph. *sisii) SHELTERING ... (adj, n) ... W (+)clydwr (m), clydwch (m) 'warmth; shelter'; ..... OIr. clithar, clithach 'sheltering, protective' > Mn cliothar, cluthar ..... 'snug, warm' ... < CC *klitur-os[; *klit-Vskw-o- (cf. JMJ p. 232)] : ..... extensions from *klit(j)os 'warm[ed]' = W clyd (f cled) 'warm, cosy, ..... sheltered' (OIr. clithe 'kept-away' - cf. Lat. ce:la:t-, oc-cult-) ........... W gwasgod (m) 'shelter'; OIr. foscad 'shadow' > Mn foscadh, ScG ..... fasgadh (m) 'a shelter' ... < CC *wo-skaat-us || Calder § 148 SHIELD ... (n) ... W (+)ysgwyd (now = tarian, astalch); OIr. scíath (m) > Mn ..... sciath /sk´i:@/ (f), ScG sgiath ... < CC *skeet-on, *skeit-on (JMJ, ..... *-om) : probably related to Lat. scu:tum 'id.' (< *sqoit-om) SHINY, BRIGHT; VERY ... (adj/adv) ... W gloyw 'shiny, glossy'; OIr. glé, ..... glae 'bright' > Mn glé 'very' (= ScG) ... < CC *gloiw-os, *gleiw-os ..... 'gleaming, clear' SHIP ... (n) ... W llong (f); OIr. long (gsg luinge, lungae*) > Mn long (f: ..... gsg loinge) ... < (V)Lat. [na:vis] longa || * M 2011: < *longiyaas SHOE ... (n) ... W curan (pl -au); MnIr. cuarán (m) 'sandal', ScG cuaran (m: ..... pl cuarain) 'brogue' ... < CC *kouragn-os, *keuragn-os SHORE, SURF ... (n) ... W traeth (m) 'shore, strand', trai (m) 'ebb-tide'; ..... OIr. trácht 'beach', tráig, trág 'ebb-tide, shore' > Mn (+)tráigh, trá ..... (f) 'shore, beach, strand; ebb' (gsg ~; pl tránna) ... < CC *traakt-us; ..... *traag-i- or *-a- : L&P p. 31 SHORT ... (adj) ... W byrr, byr; OIr. berr ... < CC *beksr-os ........... W cwta (f cota) 'short, abrupt'; OIr. cota 'short' ... < CC ..... *ko/unt-an (-on, -aas, -aw-o-?), *kungt-aas, or *kutg-os (m), -aa (f) SHOULD ... see /DESERVE/; /TRUE/ SHOUT, CALL ... (n) ... W (+)garm (for Mn gwaedd, llef, disgyr); OIr. gairm ..... > Mn/ScG gairm 'call, office' ... < CC *gar[s]man- < PIE *ghar-smn. ........... W gair 'word, reputation', (+)gawr 'clamour' (Mn dadwrdd, na+d); ..... MnIr. gáir 'shout, roar, fame' ... < CC *gari-on, *garj-on; *gaari- SHOWER, DRIFT ... (n) ... W (+)cawad, cawod (f) 'shower'; OIr. cu:a (gsg ..... cu:ad); MnIr. cáthadh (old spelling), ScG cathadh ... < CC *kawat- ..... [multiple forms?] SICKLY, WEAKLING ... (adj/n) ... W llwfr 'feeble, timid, cowardly'; OIr. ..... lobur 'weak, debile, weakling' (cpv. lobru) > Mn/ScG lobhar (m) ..... 'leper' ... < CC *lubr-o- 'infirm' (comparative *lubr.-joos, -ijuus) SIDE ... (n) ... W ystlys 'side, flank'; OIr. sliss > Mn slios (m) 'side; ..... inclination, slope' ... < CC *stlisti- < *stl.t-s- : related to Lat. ..... la:tus (< *stla:t-) 'wide' [& latus 'side, flank'?] ........... W lled[1] (m) 'breadth, width'; OIr. leth (nt) 'side' > Mn ..... leath, ScG leth (f) 'half' ... < CC *let-o- or *[ph]let- : see JMJ p. ..... 248 || [1] homonymous to adv 'partly, rather' ........... W ochr (f; ~ yn ~ 'side by side'); OIr. ochar ... < CC *okr- ........... (one of two) W tu (for prepositional phrases see JMJ p. 422); ..... OIr. tóib, táib > Mn/ScG taobh ... < CC *toib-os (m) : from same PIE ..... root as Lat. ti:bia 'shinbone; flute' SIGH, COMPLAINT ... (n) ... W achwyn (m: pl -ion); OIr. accáine > ScG acain ..... (f) 'moan, sob, sigh' ... < CC *ad-koin-, *at(e)-koin- SILVER ... (n) ... W arian[t] (m) 'silver, money, cash'; OIr. arget, argat ..... /-d/ > Mn airgead (= ScG; gsg airgid) 'id.'; Gaul. argentos 'silver' ..... < CC *argent-o-, *argant-o- (m, but with neuter npl *-aa) SIMPLE ... (adj) ... W syml; MnIr. simplí, ScG simplidh ... < (V)Lat. ..... simplex SIN ... (n) ... W pechod (m); OIr. peccad (m; npl pecth-e, -i) > Mn peaca, ..... ScG peacadh ... < (V)Lat. pecca:t-u- (nt: n/apl -a) SING ... (v) ... W can-u (-af, 3 ca+n, canant; ca+n! nf caniad '~ing'); OIr. ..... can-im 'I sing', 3 sg -aid (pp céte < *kantijo-; vn proto-form ..... *can-[i]ud/ad) > Mn can (-aim; pp canta[1]; vn -adh) 'sing; speak' ... ..... < CC *kan- (W inf may represent CC *kan-aaw-en); W pres. *kánaami, 3 ..... *kanat[i-], *kananti (sec. JMJ § 179); aorist past *kánass-anti > MnW ..... canasan(t) 'they sang' (3 sg canodd et sim. would be late extensions ..... in the model of *kan-awdh < *kan- < *kánaass) || [1] analogical or ..... Latinate form; the sense 'talk, speak' (vn caint < OIr. cainnt) may or ..... may not be originally the same stem (Stokes and M propose CC ..... *kan(s)t-i-, Lat. cognate ce:nse:re/ce:nseo:, Skr. s´amsati 'recites, ..... praises') SISTER ... (n) ... W chwaer; OIr. siur 'sister' (gsg sethar[1]) > Mn siúr ..... 'nurse' (gsg -ach, re-suffixed) ... < CC *swesuur or *swesiir (gsg ..... *swesros > pre-Goid./OgIr. *swerros) < PIE *swesoor || [1] analogical ..... (Thur § 336) SIT ... (v) ... see /SEAT/ SIZE, AMOUNT ... (n) ... W maint (m; MW meint); OIr. mé(i)t (f) 'size', ..... (conj) 'because' > Mn méid, méad (m) 'amount, number, quantity' (cá ..... mhéad +Nsg 'how many?'), ScG meud, miad (m) 'size' ... < CC *mant-ii SIX ... (num) ... W chwech (chwe + n); OIr. sé[g] (sess-) > Mn sé, ScG sia, ..... sè[a]; Gaul. suex-os 'sixth' ... < CC *swekhs- : *swekhs[e]tos ..... 'sixth' > W chweched; OIr. seissed || W pref. chwe < *swekh(s) : JMJ ..... p. 175 SKIN ... (n) ... see /HIDE/ SKY ... (n) ... see /HEAVEN/ SLEEP, SLUMBER ... (n) ... W hun; OIr. súan > Mn suan, ScG suain ... < CC ..... *soun-o- < *supn-o- or *sopn-o- (H&K) SLENDER ... (adj) ... see /THIN/ SLOPE ... (n) ... W llethr (f); OIr. lettir > ScG leitir, lettrach ... < CC ..... *lettr-, *lettrek- 'hill' SMALL ... (adj) ... W ba:ch[1]; OIr. bec(c) > Mn beag ... < CC [*beks-o- <] ..... *b@gh(u)s-o- (W); *begg-os, *bigg-os (Goid.) || [1] long vowel: L&P § ..... 136 : see also /LITTLE/ SMITH ... (n) ... W (+)gofan(n), gof; OIr. goba [*/'govã/?] (gsg gobann) > ..... Mn/ScG gobha; in Gaul. Gobannicnos ... < CC *góbann- SMOKE ... (n) ... W mwg (m); OIr. múch 'smoke' > Mn múch (f) = 'fumes' ... ..... < CC *muuk-o- < PIE *smeugh- SMOOTH ... (adj) ... W llyfn (f llefn) 'smooth, even'; OIr. slemun, slemon ..... > Mn sleamhain 'sleek, slippery; smooth' ... < CC *slibn-os or ..... *slimn-os (W abst noun llyfnder '~ness' would be CC *slibniter-o- if ..... ancient) : MacBain derives ScG slìom from MnEngl. slim SNAKE ... (n) ... see /SERPENT/ SNOW; DROP ... (n) ... W eira (m) 'snow' (MW eiry); OIr. arg 'a drop' ... ..... < CC *arg(j)-on or *-os (for theor. alternatives *erg-us, *ergj-on) SO; SO THAT ... see /AS/ SOIL, LOAM, CLAY ... (n) ... W pridd (m); OIr. cré > Mn cré (f) 'clay; ..... earth, soil' ... < [CC *kw.reijoo, -ijjoo? (cf. JMJ § 86.i.5)] < ..... Italo-Celtic *kw.reei- (JMJ) SOME, CERTAIN ... (adj) ... W rhai 'some' (pa rai? 'which?'), rhyw 'some, ..... certain, any' (as elem, 'some-'); MdlIr. áiridhe > Mn áirithe ..... 'certain, particular', ScG àraidh 'certain, particular, peculiar, ..... special' (gu h-àraidh 'particularly') ... < CC *rei- (*r@ij-íi > W ..... rhai, *-ós > W rhyw : cp. JMJ p. 305), *ad-rei-, *ad-riitj-os SOMEBODY, OBSC. PERSON ... (indef pn) ... W neb 'anyone, (w/ neg) no one'; ..... OIr. nech (gsg neich) 'someone, anyone' > Mn neach ... < CC *nekw-o- SOMETIMES ... see /TIME/ (#2) SON, YOUTH ... (n) ... W ma:b[1] (pl meibion); OIr. mac[c] (gsg maicc, ..... -meic; coll mac[c]rad [Thur § 264]) > Mn mac 'son'; Gaul. mapos, ..... maponos ... < CC *makw[kw]-os (gsg *-i) || [1] long vowel: L&P § 136 SONG, MELODY ... (n) ... W cathl; OIr. cétal 'singing', céol 'song' (nt: ..... gsg cíuil) ... < CC *-ttl- < *kantl-on (W); *kentl-on (Goid.) SOON ... (adv) ... MdlW moch (= Mn toc, yn fuan) 'soon'; OIr. mos 'soon' ..... (whence ScG mus 'before, ere'?) ... < CC *moks(u); also related is ..... O/MnIr./ScG moch 'early' SOUND ... (n) ... W sw+n (m) 'sound, noise'; OIr. son > ScG (+)sòn 'sound, ..... voice' ... < *suno- (*sono-); *sugn-o- [OIr. lón < *lugno-] or *soon- ..... : L&P p. 57 SOUTH ... (n) ... MdlW deheu > MnW de:au, de: 'right (hand); south'; OIr. ..... dess(e) [*dekhsos] > ScG deas [MnIr. deis-] 'south'; in Gaul. Dexsiva ..... [dea] ... < CC *dekhs-o[wijo]s, *dekhs-iw-aa || JMJ p. 142 SPEAK; COLLOQUIAL ... (var) ... W (+)llafar (n/adj) 'utterance; colloquial, ..... oral' (now in set expressions); OIr. labr-ur 'loquor' (3 sg conjunct ..... -labrathar[1]; vn labrad; labr-ithe! -id! : L&P § 465) > Mn/ScG ..... labhair 'speak' (1 sg labhraím; pp labhartha; vn/nf -t) ... < CC ..... *labr-, *labar-aj- (*labaraatr-o 'he talks'); *lab(a)r-os (W adj) : ..... for W llefaru &sim. see JMJ p. 122; W llafariad 'vowel' would ..... represent *labarjat-is/-aa (JMJ p. 233) if not a late formation; cf. ..... *ari-labar(V)iaa > OIr. airlabr(a)e > Mn urlabhra 'diction, (manner ..... of) speech' || [1] later -labradar (Thur § 129; common -th- > -d-) ........... see also /SPEECHLESS/; /SING/ SPEAR; DART ... (n) ... W (+)gwayw, gwayw-ffon 'spear, lance'; OIr. gae ..... 'spear' > Mn ga (pl gathanna), ScG gath 'dart, sting' ... < CC ..... *gais-o- || W ffon 'wooden stick' = ScG sonn 'cudgel, gero' (Calder ..... § 49) < CC *s[ph]ond-o- vs. fem. *-aa (M; W ffon is [currently?] f) SPECTACLE, THING IN OBSERVATION ... (n) ... W drych 'spectacle, sight; ..... mirror (#1)'; OIr. drech 'aspect' > Mn/ScG dreach (m) 'face, ..... expression; (ScG) form, appearance, aspect; draft' ... < CC *drik-s ..... or *drik-aa; *drik[s]-os SPEECH, ADDRESS ... (n) ... W araith (f); OIr. airecht ... < CC *arekt-[aa] ..... < PIE *ereq- 'speak' SPEECHLESS; DISSONANT ... (adj) ... W aflafar 'harsh, unmelodious'; OIr. ..... amlabar 'mute, speechless' (for Mn balbh; MacBain connects it with ..... Mn amhlóir, ScG amhlair 'silly-act, fool') ... < CC *aN-/am-lab(a)r- ..... (Thur § 871) SPIRIT ... (n) ... W ysbryd; OIr. spiurt, spirut > Mn/ScG spiorad ... < ..... (V)Lat. spi:rit-u- (m) SPOON ... (n) ... see /SCOOP (#1)/ SQUEEZE, PRESS ... (v) ... W gwasgu (stem/3 sg gwasg); OIr. faisc-im (1 sg) ..... > Mn fáisc 'squeeze; wring; press' (-im; vn fáscadh), ScG fàisg ... ..... < CC *wa(ks)sk-e/o- (new pres. 1 sg *-aami, 3 sg *-at) SQUIRREL ... (n) ... W gwiwer (f); MnIr. iora (< feoróg; m), ScG feòrag ... ..... [< CC *wiiw.r-aa (W); the Mn Goid. forms being probably "loan suffix" ..... diminutives (e.g. Calder § 123), while also looking like historical ..... *wiw.rVnk-os, *wiw.raawe(n)k-os or *wiworeg- ~ *weworog-(tu)] : cf. ..... Lith. voveré, Livonian v(u)oraab@z, Finnish orava, OEngl. ácweorna ..... 'squirrel', Lat. viverra 'ferret' & Ir. -ódh < CC *-aawet-us (Ward) STEP ... (n) ... W cam (o gam i gam 'step by step'; camu 'to step'); OIr. ..... ceimm, céim (cing-id 'he steps, goes') > MnIr. céim (~ ar chéim 'step ..... by step'), ScG ceum; Gaul. cammano- 'a step' ... < CC *kang[s]m-aa ..... (*kn.sgmane-, *kengmene-; npl *kangsmena > OW cemmein [q.v. Schrijver ..... p. 395]; OIr. céimmen) : *keng-et(i-) 'he steps'; related are OIr. ..... cing, Gaul. cinges 'warrior' (< *kengets); cf. /JUMP/ STONE ... (n: single) ... W carreg (f); OIr. carric > Mn/ScG carraig ..... /'kar´@K´/ (f) 'rock, boulder' ... < CC *karrekj-[aa] vs. *karsekk-i- ..... (Bryth. *karrik-aa > W) < PIE *^ker'q-s-ikaa (JMJ) ........... W clog (f) 'rock = precipice'; OIr. cloch > Mn cloch (f) ..... 'stone (object)', ScG clach ... < CC *klok-aa, *kluk-aa ........... (related) ... W clegyr, clegr (m) 'rocky domain, crag'; MnIr. ..... clochar (m) 'convent' ... < CC *klok-er- ~ *kluk-or- (W suffering ..... i-affection : < *-er-jo-?) STORY, HISTORY ... (n: true) ... W hanes (m/f) 'narrative'; OIr. sanas (f) ..... '(private) counsel' > Mn sanas (m) 'glossary, gloss' (ScG, ..... 'disclosure, hint, whisper') ... < CC *sanast-u- ~ *saness- STRANGE, ALIEN; FOREIGNER ... (n/adj) ... W estron; MnIr. eachtrann-ach ..... 'foreign; foreigner' ... < (V)Lat. extra:ne-u- : for Goid. -ach, see ..... /BUY/ STRAWBERRY ... (n) ... W syfi; OIr. sub (npl -ai, -i) > Mn sú [talún], ScG ..... sùbh[-làir] ... < CC *subi-s (f: npl *subejes/*subes, apl *subiis) STREAM, TORRENT ... (n) ... W ffrwd (f: pl ffrydiau); OIr. sruth (m: gsg ..... srotho; npl srotha) > Mn sruth (pl -anna) 'river' ... < CC *s[p]rutu- STRENGTH, POTENCY ... (n) ... W nerth (m) 'strength'; OIr. nert > Mn neart ..... (m) 'strength, might (= ScG); (+gsg) plenty of'; Gaul. nerto- ... < ..... CC *nert-o- STRONG ... (adj) ... W trenn, tren; OIr. trén > Mn tréan 'strong', ScG ..... treun 'brave' ... < CC *trek[h]-snos or *treg-snos (cpv. *-'son > W ..... trech, OIr. tressa; superl. *-samos > W trechaf, OIr. tressam) ........... W dengyn 'strong, mighty; stubborn; (+)barbarous'; OIr. daingen ..... 'strong' > Mn daingean 'solid, fortified, firm, strong (of anatomy)' ..... < CC *dangin-o- : note the [Mdl]W form _tengyn_ given by Pughe and ..... Thurneysen (glossed 'obstinate' in MacBain) ........... W hydr 'prevailing'; OIr. sethar ... < ?CC *sitr-o- (JMJ p. 439) ..... : further W forms _hyder_ confidence, _-u_ confide, rely on, depend on ..... - cf. /LENGTH/ SUMMER ... (n) ... W haf; OIr. sam, samrad (m) > Mn/ScG samhradh 'summer' ..... < CC *sam-o- (m), (Goid.) *samor-aad-on (nt, vs. masc. *-aad-us, d/t) SUMMIT, PEAK, TOP ... W bar 'top, summit, crest'; OIr. barr 'top, tip; crown' ..... > Mn barr (m) 'summit, top, superiority; crest (of waves)', ScG barr ..... 'top; upper part (head etc)' (fo bharr 'over the ~') ... < CC *barr-os SWALLOW ... (v) ... W llync-u (3 sg llwnc = impt); OIr. sloc-, slu(i)c-, c/g ..... (vn slocod, slucud) > Mn slog-adh, ScG slug-adh 'gulp, swallow' ... < ..... CC *slu-n-k- (impt *-aa) : vn *slunket-us SWARM ... (n) ... W haid (f); O/MnIr. saithe (f) ... < CC *satj-aa SWEET ... (adj) ... W melys; O/MnIr. milis ... < CC *melisti- < *melit-t-os ..... 'honeyed' SWIM ... (v) ... W nofio (nofi-; nawf 'he will swim'), nawf 'swimming'; OIr. ..... snáim 'I swim' > Mn snámhaim 'id.', snámh 'swimming, a swim' ... < CC ..... *snaam- (pres. 3 sg *-at?), vn *snaam-us (Ward 1982) SWOLLEN; HAUGHTY ... (adj) ... W ?bwrr (MacBain; = bwr 'fat'?); OIr. borr ..... 'thick, swollen; haughty, proud' > ScG (+)borr 'haughty; splendid, ..... grand' (base in MnIr _borr-tha_ 'swollen, bloated') ... < CC *borr-os ..... < *bors- (MacBain) : note W nf _bors_ 'hernia' SWORD ... (n) ... W cleddyf[1] (m: pl cledd, -au); OIr. claideb (m: npl ..... claidib) > Mn claíomh (m: pl claimhte), ScG claidheamh 'sword' ... < ..... CC *kladeb-os ~ *kladim-os (JMJ: *klademoo) || [1] with semi-similar ..... syn. _glaif_ (which may also be of Celtic origin, as suggested by the ..... /-v/ : cp. http://websters-dictionary-online.com/definition/Glaive ) TABLE; BOARD ... (n) ... W bord (f: pl -ydd, -au), bwrdd (m); OIr. bord > ..... Mn bord (m: gsg/pl boird), ScG bòrd (pl bùird) 'table' ... < OEngl. ..... bord (nt: gsg -es) 'board; table; shield' TAKE ... (v) ... W (+)cym-meryd, cy-mryd (cymer-) 'take, take in, accept'; ..... OIr. beir-id[1] (conjunct do-beir) 'he bears, carries; obtains' (vn ..... breth, brith; impt beir!) > Mn/ScG beir (vn breith; ~!) 'bear, ..... carry'[2] ... < CC *ber-; (W) *kom-ber- (vn *b.ritaa) : the cognate of ..... Lat. ferre/fero: || [1] for full conjug. see OIOL § 32; [2] suppletive ..... past _rug_ < OIr. ro-uic(c), -rucc < CC *ro-unket/-ukket; cf. analysis ..... of OIr. _ro-_ on Thur § 537 ........... W gafael (= 3sg, impt); OIr. gaib-id (vn gabá[i]l), qq. fo-gaib, ..... -gab- > neg. ní fogbai > Mn gabh 'take, catch' (vn gabháil, f), faigh ..... 'get, obtain' ... < CC *gab- (vn < *gabagl-aa, Goid. also possibly < ..... *gabagl-ii-), pres 3sg *gab-it : from same source as Lat. habe:ere, ..... Lith. (at)gabenti ('transport, carry, bring') & Ger. geben TALE, STORY, ANECDOTE ... (n) ... W chwedl (f); OIr. scél (nt: npl -a) ..... 'tidings, news' > Mn scéal (f: pl -ta), ScG sgeul (m: pl -an, sgeòil) ..... 'story, tale' ... < CC *skwetl-on (npl *-aa) : common phenomenon of ..... losing syllable-final /t/ > long vowel in Goidelic? ........... (true account) ... W hanes (m/f) 'narrative'; OIr. sanas (f) ..... '(private) counsel' > Mn sanas (m) 'glossary, gloss' (ScG, ..... 'disclosure, hint, whisper') ... < CC *sanast-u- ~ *saness- TALK ... (v) ... see /SPEAK/ TASTE, FLAVOUR ... (n) ... W bla:s, blas; OIr. mlas > Mn/ScG blas ... < CC ..... *mlast-o- (M also gives fem. *-aa, however all the later Celtic words ..... are masculine) TAVERN, PUB ... (n) ... W tafarn; MnIr. tábhairne (f), teach tábhairne (m), ..... ScG tàbhairn ... < (V)Lat. taberna TEAR ... (n) ... W deigr (m), deigr-yn (m); OIr. dér (asg) > Mn deoir (f), ..... ScG deur, diar (gsg/pl deòir) ... < CC *dakr-uu (gsg *-onos if reg.) TEN ... (num) ... W de:g[1]; OIr. deich n- > MnIr./ScG deich ... < CC ..... *dekan- (*dekn.-, *dekm.-) : *dek(a)met-os 'tenth' > W degfed; OIr. ..... dechmad || [1] long vowel: L&P § 136 TENT ... (n) ... W pabell, (+)pebyll (now the pl); MnIr. puball, ScG pubull ..... < VLat. pa:pilio THAT ... (dem) ... (Class.) W hwn, hwnnw (m), hon, honno (f), hyn, hynny (nt ..... and pl: used in adverbs, temporal phrases); OIr. [art/prep + n +] sin ..... 'that' (anaphoric) > Mn sin (dem pn) 'that' (ScG sin 'that, ~ is; ..... there') ... < CC *sond-, *sund-, *sind- (JMJ pp. 294-299); possibly ..... from older *sj- (compare OIr. _de-siu_ 'from here'; ONor. _sjá madhr_ ..... 'that man') THAT IS ... (var) ... (South) W taw (conj) 'that'[1]; OIr. -táu (conjunct v) ..... 'I am', -tá 'is', at-tá 'there is' (= biit) > Mn tá (tá ... ann 'there ..... is') ... < CC *staa- (1 sg *staaoo, *staajoo, 3 sg *staajet; abs. 3 sg ..... *staati- appears in OIr. possessive phrase [2] : táth-um 'I have', ..... táth-ai, -i 'he has', táth-us 'she has' [Thur § 430]) : cognate of ..... Lat. sta:re || [1] syn. mai (JMJ p. 448; Routledge, "Celtic", p. 297); ..... [2] Sengoídelc p. 233 THEY ... (pn) ... W (+)wy, hw:y, -nt (= coll. nhw); OIr. é, hé ... < CC *ei ..... vs. *seeis (Thur) THICK ... (adj) ... W tew; OIr. tiug (cpv. tigiu) > Mn tiugh ... < CC ..... *tegw-os ~ *tegus (comparative *tegu-joos, -juus) ........... W rhef 'thick, fat'; OIr. remor > Mn ramhar, ScG reamhar 'fat, ..... plump' ... < CC *rem-, *remr-os (W possibly developing from *rhefr-) THIN; NARROW ... (adj) ... W cul 'narrow, lean'; OIr. cóil > Mn/ScG caol ..... 'thin, slender' ... < CC *koil-o- THING; SOME (OF) ... (n/ptcl) ... W pe:th[1] 'thing; some, any'; OIr. cuit > ..... Mn cuid /k(w)id´/ 'some, a portion (of, _de_); (some kind of) part' ..... < CC *kwizdi-, (JMJ) *kwid-dm.- : MnIr./ScG rud (m) 'thing' is from ..... OIr. rét 'id.' < CC *rentus || [1] long vowel: L&P § 136 THOUGH ... (conj) ... see /ALTHOUGH/ THOUSAND ... (num) ... W mi:l; OIr. míle > Mn míle (= ScG) +sg ... < (V)Lat. ..... mi:lle vs. CC *miil(j)o- (M) THREE ... (num) ... W tri: (f tair); OIr. treí, trí (#2) (f teoir, teuir) > ..... Mn trí ... < CC *tri-, *treis (f *tis[o]rés) : ordinals are *tritijos ..... > W trydydd; *tristo- > OIr. tress; fraction, *treisan-o- > W traian, ..... OIr. trían (Mn trian) 'one third' THROUGH ... (prep) ... W trwy, drwy (-dd-) 'through; by means of'; OIr. tri, ..... tre (+Len; ?def./emph. tris-sam[1]; infl 3 sg triit, 3 pl tréu [Thur § ..... 433]) > Mn trí 'through' (trí mheán +gen 'by means of'), ScG also tro, ..... troimh < OIr. tremi- ... < CC *trei, *tri (W stem < *trei do eibh-, ..... JMJ), *trim-o- : JMJ derives the MdlW form _tra_ from *tarós, *t@ros ..... (p. 410) || [1] cf. Lehmann § 23; OIOL § 15.2 THUNDER, DIN ... (n) ... W taran (f); OIr. toran (Mn toirn-each); in Gaul. ..... theon. Taran-is (-u-) ... < CC *taran-us, psb. mt. < *t@ren- : with vn ..... suff *-aaw(-en/-o-)/*-euj-/*-(V)uj- > W taranu (taran-) 'to thunder' TIGHT ... (adj) ... W tynn, tyn; OIr. tend > Mn/ScG teann 'taut, tight, ..... firm' ... < CC *tend- TIME ... (n) ... W amser; OIr. amser > Mn aimsir 'time, days, period' (#1 ..... 'time' = am, gsg a:ma), ScG aimsir 'weather' ... < CC *ammesser-aa < ..... *ad-menser-aa ........... W adeg (f: -au) 'time, season'; OIr. athach [Ward 1982] ... < CC ..... *atek-os ........... (instance, occasion) ... W gwaith (f; lenited pl _weithiau_ = ..... 'sometimes'); OIr. fecht (nt) > Mn (+)feacht, ScG (+)feachd 'instance; ..... journey' ... < CC *wekt-is or *wek-taa : also in the compound adverb, ..... W unwaith, OIr. óenfecht 'once, une fois' (see /ONE/) TO, UNTO, UNTIL ... (prep) ... MdlW py 'to' > bwy 'to its' (in Mn phr _bwy ..... gilydd_ 'to the other [one]' : L&P § 387); OIr. co, cu +acc 'ad' ..... (cossin : Thur §§ 829, 480; co[n] 'so that' : Thur § 473) > Mn go 'to; ..... until (= go dtí); (+adj) -ly', ScG gu, gu h- (gus +bare inf 'in order ..... to'; gus an 'until' +verb; gun 'that'[1], conj) ... < CC *kwo-, *kwu-, ..... *-s- || [1] also suspectedly related to Lat. cum, (+)quom ........... see also /LENGTH/ TOGETHER ... (adv phr) ... W gyda'i gilydd; MnIr. le chéile ... see /EACH/ TOMORROW ... (adv) ... MdlW afory > MnW yfory; OIr. i mbárach > Mn amárach, ..... ScG màireach ... < CC *ad + *[m]baareg-ii/-ei (W; noun in locative), ..... *ande + *[m]baareg-o- (Goidelic; concerning the origin of OIr. _i[n], ..... ind, en_, see Thur pp. 521-22) : for W bore 'morning' & discussion see ..... Schrijver 1995, p. 199 TONGUE ... (n) ... W tafod (m); OIr. teng(a)e (f: gsg tengad, npl teng[a]id) ..... > Mn teanga, ScG teangadh (f) ... < CC *teng[w]ot-[jaa?] (*-t > glottal ..... leveling in OIr?) < PIE *dn.ghw-, whence Lat. dingua > lingua : some ..... derive the W from CC *tabaat- ........... see also /QUALITY/ TOO, EXCESSIVELY ... (ptcl) ... W rhy: (+Soft); OIr. ro, ru, r-[V-] (Thur § ..... 852, cp. § 537[1]) > Mn ró-; Gaul. hro = ro 'nimium' ... < CC *[ph]ro-, ..... same origin as with Lat. pro : cf. with *dero- / *diiro- in W dir-fawr, ..... OIr. der-már 'very great' || [1] analysis of the similar preverb _ro-_ TOOTH ... (n) ... W daint; OIr. dét > Mn déad (= fiacail, syn. #1), ScG deud ..... < CC *dantjon (vs. nsg *dants, asg *dantem) : related to Lith. dantis TOP, SUPREMITY ... W bar 'top, summit, crest'; OIr. barr 'top, tip; crown' > ..... Mn barr (m) 'summit, top, superiority; crest (of waves)', ScG barr (m) ..... 'top; upper part (head etc)' (fo bharr 'over the ~') ... < CC *barr-os TORCH; LAMP ... (n) ... W llugorn (L&P § 51; = llusern, #1); OIr. lócharn, ..... lúacharn > Mn lóchrann 'lantern; lamp, flashlight', ScG lòchran ... < ..... CC *loukarn-aa : related to Lat. lucerna, lu:x (lu:c-); see also ..... /LIGHT/ TREE ... (n) ... see /WOOD, TIMBER/; /ROWAN TREE/ TROOP, HOST, BAND, COMPANY ... (n) ... W llu (m) 'host, [armed] group'; OIr. ..... slóg, slúag (m: gsg/npl slúaig) > Mn slua (m: gsg ~) 'crowd; troop, ..... force', ScG sluagh (m: gsg sluaigh) 'people (Sp. gente); host'; Gaul. ..... pl -slugi ... < CC *sloug-os TRUE ... (adj) ... W gwi:r, gwyr- 'true', cy-wir 'correct'; OIr. fír 'true' ..... (is fír ón 'this is true'), cóir 'just, right' > Mn fíor 'true' (= ..... ScG), cóir 'proper, just; justice' (ba chóir dom/dó 'I/he should') ... ..... < CC *wiir-os 'true', *ko-wiir-os 'correct' : related to Lat. ve:rus ..... (vs. easily confusable W cywair 'set right, ready' = OIr. co[a]ir < ..... *kom-war-j-o-) - furthermore *wiir-jaan-j-aa > W gwirionedd 'truth'; ..... *wiir-jaan-os 'truthful' > W gwirion 'abiding in truth, naive', OIr. ..... fírian, ScG fìrean 'righteous man' TWENTY ... (num) ... MdlW ugeint > MnW ugain; O/MnIr. fiche, ScG fichead ... ..... < CC *wikn.tí : same PIE form in Lat. viginti: (vs. Lith. dví-deshimt) UNFAIR, UNJUST ... (adj) ... W anghywir, anwir; ScG ancòir [syn. eucoir w/ ..... eu- = MnIr. éa-, suppl. syn. éagórach] ... w/ CC neg. *an- < PIE *n.- VAIN ... (adj) ... W ofer 'vain, futile'; OIr. úabar [MacBain: 'vainglory'] ..... (prob. = Mn/ScG uabhar 'haughtiness') ... < CC *au-ber-o- 'worthless' VALLEY, GLEN ... (n) ... W glyn; OIr. glend, glenn (gsg glinne) > Mn/ScG ..... gleann 'valley, mountain valley' (gsg gleanna, ScG glinne) ... < CC ..... *glenn-os, *glend-os (neut.); cf. also W glan 'riverbank', derived by ..... University of Wales from CC *gland-o- VENGEANCE ... (n) ... W dial (m, also inf 'to avenge'); OIr. dígal (f) > Mn ..... (+)díoghal, (now in) díol-tas (m) (ScG has dìogan, vn dìoghladh, ..... dìoladh) ... < CC *dee-gal-, *dii-gal- VERY ... see /SHINY/; /TOO/ VICTORY; BENEFICENT THING ... (n) ... W budd (m) 'benefit, avail, vested ..... interest, stake' (buddug-ol 'victorious'); OIr. búaid (nt) 'victory' > ..... Mn bua (m), ScG buaidh 'victory; talent, quality'; Gaul., Gal. boud- ..... < CC *boudi- (M has *boudiik-o- 'victorious'; yet for the W adj, one ..... would expect *boud-o[i]/oo/ou-kaalo-) VIOLENCE, ACTING AGAINST ... (n) ... W trais 'violence, oppression; rape'; ..... OIr. tress > Mn tréas 'rebellion', ScG (+)treas 'skirmish, battle' ... ..... < CC *treks- < *trenk-s- VISIBLE, OBVIOUS; EXHAUSTIVE ... (adj) ... W llwyr 'complete, entire' (also ..... adv); OIr. léir 'assiduous, careful, earnest > perceptible, ..... conspicuous' > Mn léir (= ScG) 'clear, distinct, obvious, evident' ..... (def n+ go léir 'all [of the] ...') ... < CC *leer-is, *leir-is : the ..... Goid. forms might also represent fusion with homonyms from *lak-r-i- WAGON ... (n) ... W gwain, cy-wain; OIr. feen > ScG feun ... < CC *wegn-o- WALK ... (v) ... W chwymio 'to move'; (+)chwyf 'motion'; OIr. sibal (vn) ..... 'itio, ambulatio' (3 sg siblaid 'he moves forth') > MdlIr. siubal > Mn ..... siúl (gsg siúil), ScG siubhal 'a walk; walking, to walk' (#1) ... < CC ..... *swee-zd- or *swem-[1] (W); *swee-swe-l- vs. *s(w)iumal- (Goid.) || ..... [1] the root of MnEngl. 'swim' ........... W cerdded (cerdd-); OIr. ceird ... < CC *kerd- (*kerditaa > W ..... inf) < PIE *sqeraad- : not to be confused with W cerdd = OIr. cerd (Mn ..... ceird 'trade, craft', ceard-aí = Lat. cerdo: 'craftsman, tradesman') WARMTH, HEAT ... (n) ... W gwre:s (m); OIr. grís (also 'fiery redness'), ..... O/MnIr. gor ... < CC *(g)w.riss-on, *grins-; *gwor- ........... W tes (m); OIr. tess > Mn/ScG teas (m) ... < CC *tep-stu- WARNING, NOTICE ... (n) ... W rhybudd; OIr. robud > Mn/ScG rabhadh (gsg ..... rabhaidh) ... < CC *[ph]ro-kweud-; (Goid.) *-beud- < PIE *pro-kwei-d- WATER ... (n) ... W dwfr, dw+r (m); OIr. dobur > Mn dobhar-; Gaul. dubron, ..... (MacBain) dubrum ... < CC *dubr-o- WATERFALL, CATARACT ... (n) ... W rhaeadr (f); OIr. riathor (*nt) > Mn ..... (+)reathar ... < CC *rijatr-o- or *-ii WAY ... (n) ... W hynt (f) 'way, course'; OIr. sét 'way, journey' > Mn séad ..... (m) 'path', ScG saod 'journey, intention' ... < CC *sent-u-; *sent-o- WAX ... (n) ... W cw+yr (m); MnIr. céir (f) (= ScG) ... < (V)Lat. ce:r-a (f) WE, US ... (pn) ... W ni, nyni; OIr. sní, (emph.) s[n]isni, sinni > Mn/ScG ..... sinn ... < CC *s-nees[-n.-] (origin of pn-s: L&P §§ 336-359; Calder ..... pp. 176-7) : *sniis vs. *(s)an- (M) > W ein 'our(s)' (MdlW y petheu ..... einym 'our things') - also for the Goid. possessive, cf. OIr. _athar_ ..... (_cechtar n-athar_ 'each of us'); so also in Lockwood 1969, p. 171 WEAK, FEEBLE ... (adj) ... W gwan (old pl gweinion); MnIr./ScG fann ... < CC ..... *wann-o- < *wasn-os (whence also Bryth. *wanno-tü:t-an > W gwendid ..... 'weakness' : JMJ p. 189) : cognate of Lat. va:nus ........... W adj. mwyth-us 'pampered' (v tr. -o 'to pamper'); MdlIr. mocht ..... 'weak, gentle' ... < CC *mukt- ........... see also /SICKLY/ WEALTH, GOOD VALUE ... (n) ... W tlws (m) 'jewel' (also 'beautiful'[1]); ..... OIr. tlus 'bona, weal, property' (in MdlIr. tlus-ach 'wealthy'; ScG ..... tlus 'pity, tenderness') ..... < CC *t@luss-, *t@luts- (m) || [1] Ward: from related CC *tluss-os WEAPON ... (n) ... W arf (m/f); OIr. arm > Mn/ScG arm (m) ... < (V)Lat. arma ..... (nt pl) WEATHER; STORMY ~ ... (n) ... W hi:n (f); OIr. sí(n), sib (f) 'storm, ..... season, weather' > Mn síon (f) '(bad) weather', ScG sian 'storm, rain' ..... < CC *seen-aa, *siin-aa WELL, IN GOOD MANNER ... (adv) ... MdlW mat 'luckily' > MnW (+)mad (ltd. ..... phrasal use as adj); OIr. mad- (prevrb. ptcl) 'well' ... < CC *mat- ..... (L&P p. 264) WET ... (adj) ... W gwlyb; O/MnIr./ScG fliuch ... < CC *wlikw-us WHALE ... (n) ... W morfil; MnIr. míol mór ... < CC *mori- 'sea' + *miil-os, ..... *meel-os 'animal' WHEEL ... (n) ... W rho:d (f); O/MnIr. roth (m), -a (*f) ... < CC *rot-aa; ..... *rot-os WHEN ... (adv) ... W pan +Soft (now conj, interr being _pry:d, pa bry:d_); ..... OIr. cuin (interr) 'when? at what time?' > ScG cuin 'id.' ... < CC ..... *kwan-aa; *-ii : JMJ suggests *kwan-de for W (p. 294) WHENCE, FROM WHERE ... (interr) ... MdlW pan (for MnW _o ble:_); OIr. can ..... < CC *kwan-aa (L&P p. 230) WHIP ... (n) ... W (+)ffrowyll, ffrewyll (f); OIr. sraigell, sroigell > ScG ..... sroghall ... < (V)Lat. flagellum ........... W ffust 'flail'; MnIr. súiste, ScG sùist 'flail' ... < (V)Lat. ..... fu:stis (fu:stem, fu:ste) 'stick, club' WHITE, FAIR ... (adj) ... W gwyn (f gwen); OIr. find 'of fair colour' > Mn ..... fionn 'id.', ScG fionn 'white' ... < CC *wind-os (m), *-aa (f) WHO, WHAT ... (interr) ... W pwy 'who?'; OIr. cía 'qui? quod?' (gsg coich; ..... cisí 'what is..?'; cía indas > *cindas, cinnas 'how? in what manner? ..... w. m. of?') > Mn cé 'who?' (cé leis 'whose?' [anal.]; conas 'how?'), ..... ScG cia 'which?' ... < CC *kwei, -jo (JMJ: *kwoi) : cognate to Old ..... Latin quei (ScG cò 'who?' and ciod 'what?' are from OIr. co-té, caté) WIDE, BROAD ... (adj) ... W llydan; OIr. lethan > Mn/ScG leathan /'l´ah@n, ..... l´ae:n/; Gaul. Litana [Silua], Litano[-briga] ... < CC *[ph]litan-o-, ..... *[ph]letan-o- : commonly connected with Lat. planta 'sole of foot; ..... sprout, shoot' WIDOW ... (n) ... W gweddw, gwidw (f: pl gweddwon); OIr. fedb (for Mn ..... baintreach 'widow') ... < (V)Lat. vidu-a or Italo-Celtic *widw-aa WILD, PANIC-STRICKEN ... (adj) ... W gwyllt 'wild, mad'; OIr. geilt 'mad by ..... fear' (Mn gealt 'madman, maniac', ScG 'terror') ... < CC *wiltis, ..... *weltis (not *gVlt- < PIE *ghel- unde Gr. khelidoon 'a swallow'?) : ..... see also [and compare with] /DEER/ WILL, DESIRE ... (n) ... W ewyllys (m/f); OIr. áil > ScG àill (also survives ..... in MnIr. cad ab áil leat? 'what would you like?') ... < CC *awill- (W ..... < *-isti-, aut al.) ........... see also /DESIRE/ WINDOW ... (n) ... W ffenestr; OIr. senest, -er (for Mn fuinneog, f) ... < ..... (V)Lat. fenestra WING, PINION ... (n) ... W ysgwydd (f) 'shoulder'; OIr. scíath (m) > Mn ..... sciath-án, (m), ScG sgiath (f) 'wing' ... < CC *skeit-o-; *skeit-aa ..... (*t > Bryth. *d for distinction from the base of /SHIELD/?) WITH ... (prep, pref) ... W gan (+gennyf > Mn gen i, 3 ps stem gandd-: ..... +Soft); OIr. cét-, ceta- ... < CC *kanta- (OW cant) < PIE *km.-ta, ..... whence Gr. katá : JMJ equates the W prep with MdlW conj _can, cans, ..... kanys_ 'since', (archaic) MnW _canys_ 'because, for' (< *kann ys 'as ..... it is' : p. 443) ........... (at, upon) ... (Mdl)W wrth (+Len) 'to, because of, at, (MdnW) by, ..... beside, with'; OIr. fri, frith (+Acc) 'towards, to, against' ... < CC ..... *w.rit- (< PIE *wert- 'turn', whence also Lat. versus) : w/ 1 sg object ..... *w@rtó-/w.rit- me: > W wrthyf, OIr. frimm (emph. frim-sa), 3 pl *w.rit- ..... su:s > W wrthu, OIr. friu; indef. *w.rit nekw-on/-om > OIr. fri-nnech ..... 'against someone' || Thur § 839 (frith = OIr. preverb. fris-) WITHIN ... see /AMONG/ WITHOUT ... (prep) ... W heb (hebdd-) 'without, sans'; OIr. sech > Mn ..... seach-as 'besides, as well as' ... < CC *sekw-os (for the infl stem, ..... cf. /THROUGH/) || (Mdl)W heb & OIr. cen (CC *kinaa, *ken- 'besides' > ..... W am-gen 'aliter') are also used to negate an infinitive, e.g. MdlW heb ..... coffav 'not to remember' (Mn in subordinates: _Clywais fod y car heb ei ..... werthu_ 'I heard that the car has not been sold'), OIr. cen dílgud 'not ..... to forgive, [be] without forgiveness' (L&P § 475) : OIr. _cen_ > ScG ..... _gun_ is not to be confused with _gun, gu 'n_ (conj) 'that, dass' < ..... OIr. co, cu (: /TO/) WOMAN ... (n) ... W benyw, menyw; OIr. ben > Mn/ScG bean (npl mná, ScG ..... mnathan) ... < CC *banowj-os (W); *ben-aa (gsg/npl *-aas) ........... W gwraig 'woman, wife', gwrach 'hag'; OIr. fracc 'woman' > ScG ..... frag 'a kind wife' (L&P § 73) ... < CC *w.rak-ii (< *wiraak-íi, whence ..... npl *-ijaa > W gwragedd); *w.rakk-aa : cf. Lat. vira:go: 'heroine' WOOD, TIMBER; TREE ... (n) ... W prenn, pren (pl -nau); OIr. crann > Mn/ScG ..... crann 'tree; (Ir.) mast; (ScG) plough' ... < CC *kw.renn-, *kw.rann- ........... W cynnud 'firewood'; OIr. condud (also pron. /-dh/?) > Mn/ScG ..... connadh (m) 'firewood; fuel' ... < CC *kondut-, *kondaut-on < *kw- WOOL ... (n) ... W gwla+n (m); OIr. oland, olann > Mn/ScG olann (f) ... < CC ..... *wlan-aa WORD, ISSUE, PROMPTING ACTION ... (n) ... W brwydr 'dispute > fight'; OIr. ..... bríathar 'word' (gsg bréthre) > Mn briathar (m) 'verb', ScG briathar ..... 'word, term, statement' ... < CC *breetr-on (cf. *brestos, Gaul. ..... *bressos 'broken') WORLD; EXISTENCE ... (n) ... W byd; O/MnIr./ScG bith; Gaul. bitu- ... < CC ..... *bitu-s (cf. Gr. bíos), from PIE *gwei-3 (JMJ, *gwej-ee-), not *bheu- ..... whence CC *but-aa > W bod 'to be', or *bhewd- with CC *bud-aa, W bodd, ..... OIr. buide '(good) will' ........... see also /DEEP/ WORM ... (n) ... W pryf; OIr. cruim > Mn/ScG cruimh (f) ... < CC *kw.rim-is WORTH(WHILE) ... (adj/n) ... W gwiw (adj) 'fit, meet, worthy'; OIr. fiú > Mn ..... (+)fiú (n) 'worthfulness' ['worth' = fiúntas] (in the phr: is fiú 'it ..... is/seems worthwhile', neg. ní fiú) ... < CC *weesu- ~ *wiisu- : ..... related to Skr. vásu 'excellent, good, beneficent' WOUND ... (n) ... see /SCAR/ ........... (v) ... W gwanu 'stab, pierce'; OIr. gon-im 'I wound ..... (mortally)', 3 sg -aid, vn guin > Mn goin 'to wound, hurt' (1 sg -im, ..... vn goinadh), ScG gon 'wounding, injuring' ... < CC *gwan-, *gon- (*-it ..... > OIr. pres 3 sg conjunct -guin) WRITE ... (v) ... W ysgrif-o, -ennu 'to write'; OIr. scríb-aim 'I write' ..... (ro-scríb 'he has written') > Mn scríobh (-aim; scríobh sé 'he wrote'; ..... vn -adh), ScG sgrìobh (-adh) ... < (V)Lat. scri:b- : tamq. W ysgrifen ..... & ScG sgrìobhainn < scri:bend-um; compare MnIr. scríte with scri:pt-us YEAR ... (n) ... W blwyddyn; OIr. blíadain (cecha bliadna 'every year') > Mn ..... bliain (gach [re] bliain 'every year'), ScG bliadhna ... < CC ..... *bleidon-ii, *bleid.n-ii (f; npl *blidníjaas > W blynedd : JMJ also ..... proposes *blidní:i > W *bleni, *blyni > *he-fleni > eléni 'this year') YESTERDAY ... (n/adv) ... W do:e, [y] ddoe; OIr. in-dé, indhe > Mn inné, ..... ScG dè, an dè ... < CC *gd[i]jes (M) vs. *des-ii, *des- (JMJ &al.); ..... *sendi-gesii, *-[g]desii (Goid.) YOUNG ... (adj) ... W ieuanc, ifanc (cpv. iau); OIr. ó[a]c (cpv. óa) > Mn ..... óg; Gaul. iouin-, Iouincillos ... < CC *juwank-os ~ *jowenk-os (cpv. ..... *jew-joos), npl *-ii > OIr. óic : related is Lat. iuvenis (adj), ..... iuvencus (nm) |)%%%%%(X o8o X)%%%%%(|