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❖ Neoformations for Tolkien's Languages ❖
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Adunaic ⋮ ————
AIR — n — *zibikh vs. *zikhib [Eld. *wil-y-] : cp. kulub- (= pre-Qe. 'lawak-' ), zimir- (= Eld. *mīr-), and also bawab- (= 'wawa-') [however, imitating kulub- = Eld. suluk- and balak ?= Q kalpa would result in *zikhib !]; Ad. /z/ = Eld. /y/ (azar- 'sea'), /-kh/ = /-l/ (nakh- 'to come')
BEHIND — postp — *-nadad [NAD] : cp. -dalad
BITE — v — *zakh- [*zamakh-] [Eld. NAK] : the 'infixed' */m/ in #2 : from equating GIM'L and Eld. ÑGIL (Etym: GIL)
BRING — v tr — *nakhad- vs. *ank(h)a-dâ- [NAKH/?NAK] : per Semitic equivalency (Derived stem verb < 'to come'); so also in Q.
BROKEN — pp — *rahhat-ân (-î ?) [RAH'T]
CO-, TOGETHER — pref — *zaph(a)-/zoph-/zuph(u)-, *aga-/ugu- [Eld. SAM; agath (S gwâ-th, lookalike gwa- = WŌ)]
COMING, ARRIVAL — n — *anakh, *nâkh [NAKH] : shortest action-implying noun : SD:426 (rûkh)
CONTAIN — v tr — *zê-kan- vs. *z(â)i-kan- [#ZAY/ZI; KAN]
CONVINCE; HAVE STH APPROVED — v — *sayad- vs. *asyadâ- [#SAY (in sâi-bêth) + -dâ-]
COTTAGE, ANY SMALL HOUSE — n — *mîzadan; *zad(a)nil [MIYI; #ZAD; #-il]
COUNT, RECKON — v — *zath-/zuth- [Eld. NOT] : Eld. /n-/ = Ad. /z-/ as in the words for 'female' and 'fire'; Eld. /-t/ = Ad. /-th/ as in KWET = BITH
CRAVING, (SINGLE) WISH — n — *zêr [ZIR]
CROW'S NEST — n — *khâwan vs. *khôkhâyan [KHAW; KHAY]
CUP — n — *zulum, *zul-/zôl-uk, *zôlik [for Q yulma (in view of SD:419, &c.)] : cp. Q tar-ma = Ad. târik
DAY — n — *(ûru)bâil;
*(h)ên, -i / *(h)âyan; *thû-khu/-ku, *thôkhi [#BAY'L; *(H)AY'N; *THUKH/K] : *(H)AY'N <= Eld. aur-; *THUKH/K < Eld. KAL by mimicking the sound-correspondences in nakh- = Q tul- (or sakal = falass-) and W thar(a)n = Eld. KAN-AT, Ad. thâni = Q kén-, Qe. kē̆mi
DOMESTIC, OF THE HOUSE — adj — *anzadā̆ni [< zadan]
DOUBLE-MASTED — adj — *sattasulumôn [satta + sulum]
DWARF — n — *ranâk (colloq. *kanā̆r?); *nulū̆k [*RAN'K (> W, metat.); *NUL'K]
DWELL, INHABIT — v — #ab-; *bun- [#ʔAB (of aban) / *BUN = Eld. MBAR (see REASON)] : the stem #ab- would benefit from a triconsonantal variant (or a synonym like *bun-) as its Nomen Agentis would be confusable with the abstract noun abâr (SD:431)
EASTERN — adj — *anazûli [#ZUL]
EAT — v tr — *p(h)ath- ~ *p(h)uruth- [for Eld. MAT] : consider KWET = bith-; má, mal-t-, aman- = pâ, phar-az, aphan; NUK = W naRag-
ELDER DAY(S) (Q yalúmë, yárë) — n — *tâyu [#TA'Y (in tâidô) — also cp. Qe. ië 'ago']
ELVEN, ELVISH — adj — *annimī̆ri [< nimir]
ELVEN MAN / WOMAN — n — (m) *nimr-û (-ô); (f) *nimr-î (-ê) [NIM'R]
END-POINT — n — *nêki(k) / *nîka / *inêg [W -neg (-nec)] : cp. etymologies of similar monosyllabic nouns (in Frankish/OSax./OHG, Catalan & Friulian)
EQUINE — adj — *ankarā̆bi [< karab]
EXPERIENCE vs. LEARN (WISDOM) — v — *mabar- vs. *mak(h)ar- [*MAB'R/*MAK(H)'R (< PM:50)] : per the sound-history of Cat. faula, taula (#1) vs. maurar, feu (#2)
EXPRESS VERBALLY, GIVE SPOKEN SHAPE TO — v tr — *ivthidâ- [< BITH]
FALSEHOOD, DECEPTION — n — *asna / *usnu [< (Early) Eld. FURU (LT2:340)] : per sakal ?= falassë etc. (see REASON)
FIRST; FRONTAL — adj — *an-âub-i [#ˀAW'B (in ob-roth)] : an- vs. stat. *ziy-, dat. #(n)ud- (et sim!) ‖ Egyptian ḥ-ˀ-t-j, MLat. frontalis
FOLLOW; RESULT — v — *khimikh-/khimkhâ- [< Eld. KHIL (cp. GIL, TUL)]
FOOLISH — adj — *an-nîphi /
*-nâiphi; (adj/n) *inphizân [< #NIPH]
FOOT — n — *bata/bâtik (du. -ā̆t); *nukhu/nôkhik [#BAT (pro ?TAN); *NUKH/K (< TAL)]
FORM, SHAPE — n — *danak [Q canta] : in imitation of the possible origin of balak (< Q calpa ?)
FRONT; BEING IN FRONT — n — *ub-al, -ul; *âub(a) [ʔUB, ʔAW'B (from ob-roth)]
FRONT: IN FRONT OF — postp — *-ubad vs. *-obad [see above] : cp. -dalad
GLASS (SUBSTANCE) — n — *khilid [< Kh. kheled]
GREEN / FRESH — adj — *yôkhi, *yukhuba (pro *kôkhi, *kukhuba [-b- : Q -w-] ?) [< Eld. LAY-AK (cp. RAY-AK)] : see explanation following METAL ‖ ¹ if YAD = Eld. LED
GULL, SEAGULL — n — *(ph-, p-)êub [*P(H)IW'B vs. *ʔIW'B < Eld. MIW, *maiwē] : per pâ, phar-az, aphan = má, mal-t-, aman- (vs. _urug = Eld. MOR-OK), bawā̆b = Eld. WAIWA, and the vocalisations in SD pp. 424, 426
HAMMER — n — *tâmik vs. *tamr-ak, -aph [#TAM / #TAMAR] : cp. NIMIR in SD:416, with -(V)R belonging to the action root and not being the Agent Noun suffix
HEAD or KNOLL — n — *anyak(h); *n/zakal [a / u] [< Eld. NDOL] : csd. zâyan (= NDOR) [but here #1 showing the vowel-pattern of igmil], sakal (= SOL, SOLOS?) — the primary consonant's model in #2 being /n-/ : nûlu, zinî (NDIS assumably reversed) vs. /z-/ : zâyan (= NDOR), #za- (= NDU)
HEAL, CURE — v tr — *(kêu-)nizid- [< Eld. KEW + S nesta-] : Eld. KEW = Ad. *RIW ? (whence *rêw- / *(ê)riw- [cp. êphal] > W ri(o)- [in ribadyan] in light of Occitano-Romance [& OSax.] sound-history : De B. Moll, "Catalana" [1952] § 86 / § 389)
HEAR, LISTEN (TO) — v tr — #huz-, *uhzurâ- [HUZ('N)]
HERE(AT) — adv — *î-zê vs. *ê-zê [#ʔIY (in îdô "now") = Eld. SI ?]
HORIZON — n — *minul-sakal/-sakla [MIN'L; SAK'L] : Finn. taivaan-ranta (id.)
HOT SUBSTANCE (LAVA?) — n — *ur-ub, -uz [ʔUR]
HUMANE — adj — *anâni [#ʔAN (of anâ)]
INFANT — n — *miy-â (m. -ô/-û, f. -ê/-î) [MIYI (with the pattern of anâ)]
ISLAND — n — *unuk; *nak-a(l)/-la [Eld. TOL (cp. TUL = Ad. nakh-)] : #2: if sakal is actually <= Eld. SOL
JEWELED — adj — *zimirôn [ZIM'R]
KNIGHT — n — *karubnardû [karub-/karbu- + nardû]
LADY — n — *barâth [< bâr "lord"]
LARGE, GREAT — adj — *ut(h)ungi / *tunuga¹ / *tuk(h)una¹ [W tung] : since the W form is not *tong (with suffixial a-affection), an izindi-type Ad. form (i.e., #1) seems the most preferable ‖ ¹ an attested example of this adj-type is buruda (SD:312)
LEAF — n — *ahza (pl. *ahîz); *apthan (-pth-, -fth-), *pâth(il) [#1 < LAS; #2 & #3 < Val. #pathân (WJ:401)]
LORDSHIP, DOMINATION — n — *ukhū̆r vs. *khâur(a) [#KHUR/KHAW'R (in khôr)]
LUNG; MIDRIFF — n — *puh-un, -ur; *pôhik [PUH]
LYING (SWH); WHEREABOUTS — n — *akhâi [KHAY]
LYRICS: ASSIGN ~ OR WORDS TO — v — *ivthidâ- vs. *bêthudâ- [BITH]
MARINER, SAILOR — n — *azrā̆nû, *azru-yâd, -yadân [azra/azru- + anû, etc.]
MARITIME, PELAGIC — adj — *anazā̆ri [< azar-/azra]
METAL — n — *lâyath/layâth; *k(h)an-az (-ab) [#1 < Eld. RAWT (RAUTĀ); #2 < EarlyE. sink- (model balak ?= kalpa) or lan-u ("lead")] : with #1 cp. LAW'K(H) (lôkh-) = RAYAK, ZAY'N = 'NDAW'R' (NDOR)
MILITARY-, OF SOLDIERS — adj — *annarā̆di [< coll. *narad]
MORTAL, PERISHABLE — adj — *dalagâni vs. *adagâni [#GAN]
MORTAL (PERSON) — n — *ganân/r; *gâniph; *dalagân [#GAN; #DAL] : *gân-iph ?= Q fír-ima ('wán-ima')
MOUTH vs. TONGUE — n — *bith-un, -in, *bêthik [BITH]
NAME, APPELLATION — n — *êz(i) (*izith, *azath, *âz) vs. *zêph(i) [(Q essë >) *ˀIZ vs. *ZIPH : #nuph- = ONO-] : with *izith / azath cp. also S en-eth; whereas the monosyllabic potentials would resemble Biblical Semitic (and be rather Tolkien-like minimalisations..)
NEXT TO, BESIDE — prep — *pânud (a)n [w/ pâ á la Hebrew, Aramaic (le-yad, ʕal yad)]
NINE — num — *zinath ~ *zirath (/a/ vs. /i/) [< *NERET < Eld. NETER] : "metathesis" as in (a.o.) OT-OS = HAZ-D; /n-/ = /z-/ : S naur = Ad. ZAW'R ; the vowels : SD:414
NURSE (TO HEALTH), cūrāre — v tr — #zawar- [#1 < #ZAW'R (of zôrî)]
'ORCIFY', CORRUPT, TWIST — v — *urkudâ- [< ʔUR'K]
PAIN, HURTING — n — *zâukh(a) vs. *uzûkh/uzôkh (*azwakh, *zôkhar) [< NÁY-AK, NAYKA] : cp. lôkh- (LAW'KH) = RÁY-AK, etc.
PALANTÍR, SEEING-STONE — n — *êphal-, *êph(al)at-tudân, -tôdik [YAPH('L) / ʔIPH('L) / ʔAY'PH; TUD] : pro e.g. (unt.. >) *uttud-ân, -ak, *nutuda if the root TUD is pre-Westron, sim. to pre-Saxonic *gud- ‖ ..at = ..ad(a) phonetically assimilated (as in aban-târik)
PALE, SICKLY — adj — *kh/kôb-a, -i (pro *kh/kawaba) vs. *kh/kaz(a)b- [< Eld. *laiwā] : cp. bawâb = WAIWA, azar, azra = AYAR
PEACE, CALM — n — *bâmal ~ *bêm-il (-al) [< Gn. gwilm] : cp. Gn. gilm ≈ GIMIL, &al. (/(g)w-/ > */b-/ : bawâb) ‖ abstract noun vocalisation : *dāwar (SD:423)
PLACE / ROOM(INESS) — n — *khâya(n); *p/ph-ôn(i), -âun [n/d!]; *zêph(i), zâyaph [< #KHAY, Q men, Q nómë (resp.)]
PLOUGH; RUDDER — n — *rôthik vs. *ruth-ak, -uk [RUTH]
POISE — v — #zidir-, *izdirâ- [< zidar (SD:200)]
POSSESSION (SINGLE) — n — *aknê/akhnê [KAN]
PRECEDE, COME/GO BEFORE — v — *awab-/ub(ud)- [ʔUB, ʔAW'B (in ob-roth)]
PRODUCT, HANDIWORK — n — *amgê [#MAG (in Balku-magân)]
PUT, PLACE — v — *akhyadâ- (n +ppos?); *(n)ap(-ad)-; *bur(un)- [#1 < #KHAY] : with #2 cp. NIT (= TIN-tā-), ZI-G (= IS), ZIN (= NIS) and Gn. pâ-, panta- "to put" ‖ #3 from PAN is a curious coincidental result (echoes similitude of Lat. pono, pondus)
QUEEN — n — *âr-î, -ê; *arâth [ʔAR]
REASON, CAUSE — n — *sarâ(b), *sârik ~ *san-â(b)¹, -ar [< Eld. KYAR (see SD:418-9 & entry CUP above)] : ¹ Eld. /-r/ = Ad. /-n/ (BEW'R = BAY'N, GAR = KAN, PER = BAN, ÑGUR = GAN)
RESTING-PLACE — n — *khâyan [KHAY]
RETURN — v intr — *nad(ad)yad-, *nad(ad)nakh- [NAD; YAD; NAKH] : 'zurück-gehen, -kommen'
RIVER — n — *adza; *ithki/athka [Eld. DUY; KEL]
ROUNDNESS — n — *thâin(a) / *thâyan, *athyan(-êth¹, -a/iyê, *-ā̆z(î)¹) (vs. an abstract derivation from *THUR('D,'G), *THUN('D,'G), *THAK'N,'R ²) [Eld. KOR] : ¹ morphosemantically, Ad. #-êth = Arab. -īya(t-), Lat. -ia [whereas *-ā̆z(î) < Q -ussë, -(e)ssë]; another theoretical abstract noun suffix would be *-kâth / *-kê (with dem. ka-) : Sanskrit f. -tā / -tva — though #-a/iyê (?with dem. î-/iy-) might already be the (attested!) equivalent ‖ ² anticipations in light of urud (OR), ban- (PER) and sakal (?= SOL), respectively
RUMOUR, WHAT IS HEARD — n — *uhzê [#HUZ('N)]
SAYING, PROVERB — n — *bîthân; *ibthê/ivthê [BITH] : with #1 cp. Q quenna (PE19:86), Lat. dictum
SECRET(IVE) — adj — *an(a)-khâud-i / *an-ukhôd-i / *nukhôda [back-formations from nahald, owing to Andreas Möhn's sound-shift theory (Words of Westernesse pp. 99-100)]
SERVANT — n — *binrô/bênik {m}; *binrê/binêth {f} [BIN]
SERVICE (hab.) — n — *bâin(a) [BIN]
SLEEP, SLUMBER — n — *akhâr vs. *ukhû-r, -n, *khâi-r, -n [< Eld. LOR] : per abâr ?= BOR, #urud = *or(o)tō, ban- = PER, etc.
SPEAKING, SPEECH — n/vn — *pha(t)r-ê(u)¹/-ayê [Q -ië] ~ *phâr-anu-/-ina-² [*PHA(T')R (W phârë)] : with all forms, compare the etymology of Old Saxon -e in Orel, "Handbook" p. 152 — keeping also in mind the presence of a /-t-/ in the sound-history of Catalan pare, frare ‖ ¹ cp. De B. Moll, "Catalana" §§ 51 ‖ ² -e < -anu-, -inu- in Catalan: De B. Moll §§ 80, 81 etc.; -e < -ina- in Old Saxon: Orel p. 415
STAR-SHAPED — adj — *igmilôn [GIM'L]
STAY, ABIDE — v intr — #kad- [#KAD (could kadar be a misreading for *kadan ?] : cp. Westron -gad in the name Ranugad
STORAGE, WAREHOUSE — n — *(a)kânu+zadan [KAN; #ZAD]
SUNNY, SUNLIT — adj — *ûriyôn [ʔUR]
SUPPORT — n — *atā̆r [#TAR (SD:429)]
TEN — num — #thôn (or *thâun) [#THAW'N, Eld. KAYAN/KAYAR] : the expected phonetic counterpart of the Eldarin stems (plus a plausible explanation for Zimrathôn) — Eld. /k-/ = Ad. /th-/ as in thâni (early Q kén, kē̆mi) & the words for '4'; concerning the rest see analysis after METAL
THERE(AT) — adv — *(h)azê [cntr. 'thither' = *(h)ā̆da]
THREE — num — *zîkh- / *zidak/kh [< Eld. NEL, *NEDEL < NELED] : #2 with 'metathesis' as in hazid/hazad = OT-OS; see note on NINE
THROUGH: GO ~, PIERCE — v — *tan-, *tawan- [Qe. pere-], *tan-yad- (..ô) [< Eld. TER (model PER = BAN)]
TUNNEL — n — *dal(ô)batân [#DAL; #BAT]
UN-, NON- — pref — *kha- vs. *pha- [< Eld. UGU / UMU] : assuming that Eld. U-NU = Ad. #za-; Eld. /g/ > Ad. /kh/ in light of GAS = #AKH/KHAS (whence akhâs)
UNIT, SINGLE NUMBER — n — *ir-id, -da [Q erdë]; *irik [ʔIR]
UNIVERSE, Eä — (pr) n — *Akthā̆ [#KATH]
URBAN — adj — *ankadā̆ri [< kadar]
VILLAGE — n — *rā̆na(n) / *arân(-a) / *râgin [W rân id. (PM:49)] : cp. the etymologies of Continental Germanic noun type /Ca:C/
WALKER — n — *batā̆r vs. *tanā̆r [#BAT / #TAN] : as batân might also be a noun derived similarly to Arab. ma+kān — cf. the accompanying examples of the noun category in SD:431-2!
YES — intj — *sâi vs. *sê [#SAY] : cp. the very similar Q sië and the meaning of Ad. sâi-bêth
Khuzdul ⋮ ————
BALDNESS, BARE(D)NESS — n — *ashrâb; *shurb(a) vs. "Hebraic" *shu/shôrab [SH-R-B] : for vocalisation #2, see Note on LARGENESS
BLACK DOMAIN, MORDOR — n/pr n — *Nirgîn; *Nârag [N-R-G] : #1 by using the vocalisation of #khizdîn (as interpreted by Salo for *zibdîn)
BOW, LOWER ONESELF — v intr/refl — *sa-/si-dabban- [D-B-N] : from associating Kh. duban with Eld. TUB, or from forms listed with (N)DUB — regarding formation of the verb, see note on STREAM
BOWSTRING — n — *durg- / *hurg- ['<' S. tang] : from equating Kh. turg and S. fang ‖ #2 is possible if #hund = S. tund ‖ Ad notam: In Hebrew (Ps. 11:2), the word for 'bowstring' has the same vocalisation as 'horn' (Kh. inbar, vowel-pattern i12a3)
BRANCH — n — *mabn / *khabl/khubl / *kharb / *ikhbal (*imban) [Eld. OLOB] : /l-/ > /m-/ : see explanation on HEAVY; /+n/ <= Arabic & STAFF (q.v.); /o-/ > /khV-/ per OTOS = Kh-Z-D; metathesis per ki-bil = S ce-leb; with *kharb cp. bark = *PELEK; the non-initial Eld. /b/ is kept unswitched as in kibil, duban (?= *tub-n-)
BUILDER — n — *uzhā̆r [Z-H-R] : relies on the analysis that zahar is the element meaning "bold, building" in the name Tumunzahar (in light of 1920's Gn. tum "hollow" in LT1:269)
CAUSE, BRING ABOUT — root — *k-r-b / *k-b-r (stem vowel /a/ or /u/) ['<' KYAR] : based on the equations #zar(a)b- = SAR, kibil = KYELEP; also note Gabilân = Gelion and the /r/ in the isolatable (presumably triconsonantal) Kh. stem #Z-H-R (of zahar)
CLOUDY — adj — *ad-ash, -ish [ʔ-D-Sh]
COLD, NOT WARM — adj — *nagash, nagish [*N-G-Sh < Eld. RING] : /n-/ < /r-/ per the equation Kh. nâd = S rant; metathesis of two final consonants as in G-Th-L = GARAT; Kh-Z-D = OTOS
COMING, ARRIVAL — n — *nûkh / *anôkh [*N-W-Kh / *ʔ-N-Kh] : "attested morphology" like versions of khuzdulfordurins.wordpress.com's *nîkh (id.), itself being obviously based on Ad. nakh- (to come) — with *nûkh cp. Kh. dûm & the Arabic vn. type ṭūl (< ṭ-w-l)
DEFEND; FORTIFY — root — #g-th-l [#G-Th-L] : from the noun gathō̆l "fortress" = S. garth : v. gartha- "keep, defend"
DESTINE, DOOM — root — #d-b-r (#h-b-r) / #b-d-r [(id.)] : from Eld. MBARAT via metathesis (of type 'kibil' in #3), based on the similarity of MBELEK (S. beleg) and Kh. #G-B-L (gabil) — /t/ (Stop) > /d/ (Soft) in the pairing CE *tub-nā ?= Kh. duban; however in #2 /t-/ = /h-/ per N. tund = Kh. #hund which solves the "problem" of similarity with #D-B-N (*'lie low, deep') — though sharing of radicals does occur in (semantically unrelated) zâram, #zarab- !
DREAM; DREAMSTATE — n — *khuzl; *akhzâl [Eld. OL-OS] : cp. OT-OS = Kh-Z-D etc.
FACE — n — *gashb/geshab¹ (pro *VgshV:b) [< *G-SH-B (< Eld. NEB/NIB)] : ¹ /1e2a3/ = a vocalisation reflecting the Q synonyms canwa (standard *cenwa ?), *nimba = Qe. alma, yéma
FAT, CORPULENT — adj — *shab-al, -il ['<' Early Eldarin] : per interpretations of #shar(a)b = S. paran, turg = S. fang and an identical metathesis in kibil = celeb
GARDEN — n — *(ma)zâd [S sant]
GLASS (FOR DRINKING) — n — *kalk, -î(s); *ikhlad [#1 < Q; #2 < #Kh-L-D] : #1 : even vocalically, Q calca fits well as a word to be loaned, given the pattern /1a23-/ in Kh. bark & the Arabic for "drinking-glass", kaˀs (which is also not from any root meaning "to drink") ‖ #2 obviously sports the "unique (tangible) feature" vocalisation of inbar — conveniently, Finnish would display a parallel correlation in sarvi; lasi
GOVERNANCE, GOVERNMENT — n — *zabō̆d [Z-B-D]
HEAVY — adj — *mar-ag ~ *mar-ik ['<' S. long (OS *lunga)] : based on the equations turg = fang, baraz = born / caran, #thark = Gn. bang; /l-/ => /m-/ after the 2nd pers. pronoun
ICE, GLASSIFIED THING — n — *makhald [Kh-L-D]
INSCRIPTION (also as an action) — n — *zar-ob (prop. -ôb?) [Z-R-B]
INK, BLACK SUBSTANCE — n — *nereg [N-R-G] : cp. OEng. blæc, Fi. muste (id.)
IRON — n — *(C)urug ['<' S. ang] : see explanation above ‖ a possible "disassociative" primary (C)onsonant would most likely be /z-/ (see entry SINGLE), /kH-/ ('7'), /g-/ (as in Gn. /ûl/ => B.S. /gûl/) or /š-/ (compare e.g. Q atta = Ad. satta; Arabic /s/ = Hebrew /š/)
LARGENESS, SIZE — n — *agbâl; *gubl(a) vs. "Hebraic" *gu/gôbal [G-B-L] : besides Salo's neo-Khuzdul (*buzra "abyss, depth"), the pattern /1u23a/ appears also in Arabic (e.g. wuṣla "connection; [Ir.] length")
LEADER, HEADMAN — n — *ubnā̆d [B-N-D (vs. SH-Th-R?)] : Arabic raˀīs (< r-ʔ-s, the root of "head")
LENGTH — n — *asgân; *sugn(a) vs. "Hebraic" *su/sôgan [S-G-N]
MAIN, PRINCIPAL — adj — *banad-ul (*-û/-ub, #-ā̆g) [B-N-D (vs. SH-Th-R?)] : as in Semitic (with nisba adj. suffix)
MOUNTAIN — n — *zuth(a)l vs. *khuth(a)l [*Z/Kh-Th-L < OROT (: OTOS, GARAT)]
NET, WEB — n — *nag(a)r, -a/-ī̆- [*N-G-R] : from Eld. *raimā [taking into account also the vocalisations in Arabic, Hebrew (rεšεt) and in The Dwarrow Scholar's neo-language]; /m/ > /n/ per the juxtaposed inbar ?= rombā and nar-ag- ?= MOR
NORTH — n — *tubûn / *s/shubûn (-b- / -r-; -n / -d) [*T-B-N / *S/SH-B-N] : from S. forod, based on Salo's equating of S. orod and Kh. #abad (PM:301) — the vocalisation of abad being irrelevant, since compass points are not geological entities (aut sim.)
OLD AGE, SENIORITY — n — *agmâl; *guml(a) vs. "Hebraic" *gu/gômal [G-M-L]
PASSAGE(WAY) — n — *mârag/imrā̆g/murgân [*M-R-G '<' S lang (: fang)] : Eld. /l-/ > Kh. /m-/ on the basis of the 2 pl. pronoun ‖ Ad notam: The synonymous neo-root invented by The Dwarrow Scholar is /N-F-Kh/
PLURAL (3RD IMPERSONAL) — v suff — *-ûl / *-V:d (#1) from the likening of Hebrew -ān and Kh. #-âl (Azaghâl) and adding Semitic -ū(n-) (plural verb marker) into the equation / (#2) from the ending of Khazâd & the value of the letter /d/ (four, "three or more") in Semitic and beyond; also the voicing of Q te
RED SUBSTANCE; BLOOD — n — *berez [B-R-Z]
REED — n — *zikhs; *izkhā̆-l (-s) [Eld. ESEK] : cp. rukhs < (U)RUK (WJ:389-391); with #2 cp. Hebrew agmōn [ˀ-g-m +w-n] and Aramaic arbān (id.)
SECRET, MYSTERIOUS — adj — *ram-ib, -ab [*R-M-B] : from Gn. ruim (id.); cf. the phonetic and semantic similarity in Gn. glum (c. 1920: "burdened, dull, heavy") and Kh. gamil ("old")
SINGLE, 'LONELY' — adj — *(kh-, z-)abir / *(kh)arib ['<' S. ereb] : Kh. kibil = S. celeb; zirak ?= EREK ; vocalisation /1a2i3/ or /1a2a3/ per actual sg. adjectives gabil, baraz et al.
SPEECH, WORDING — n ("inf. abs.") — *ashō̆l / *ushûl / *aˀshâl [< *ashal-] [< Val. akašān] : Kh. Mahal ?= Val. māχan-āz, Q Máhan
STAFF, ROD — n — #rukûn [#R-K-N] : obviously assuming that Kh. #tha- (in Tharkûn) = Arabic dhû-
STAIR — n — *igdîb-a, (-ī̆-); *guddab-a, -ī̆-; *ê-/ma-gadb-V, -ī̆- ['<' OS *dimba < *DIB-mā; *ê-/ya- < ˀAY(A)] : cp. aglâb = LAB-m- (#1), Arabic sullama(t-), Hebro-Aramaic feminine marker -âh (-at-) = *-ī̆- < Dîs; also note Ad. -î in Avradî)
STONECUTTER — n — *uflā̆k; *afalkâl [< F-L-K]
STREAM, FLOW vs. BE WET, WATER(Y) — v (pa 3sg?) — *ăwál-; *sa-/si-ˀawwal- [#ʔ-W-L] : from the probable root of ûl [also the verbal noun of this verb?] (from Valarin ullu, ulu "water"?), the attested model verb being fĕlak- — here /ĕ-/ > /ă-/ after an initial guttural (/ʔ/, the unmarked Khuzdul glottal stop) as in Semitic ‖ #2 mimics Arabic Stem 5 / Aramaic Ithpaʕʕal (*/sV-/ for Sem. /ta-/ ≠ f. -at..)
STRONG — adj — *dag-ar, -ir [Eld. TUR-UK]
SUFFICE vs. BE ON THE RIGHT — root — #t-r-z / #t-r-n / #t-r-r ['<' S. far(n) or forn] : via the consonantal "clues" in Kh. (*)turg = S. fang; Kh. baraz = S. born/caran — the final radical candidate /n/ appears in the attested intransitive base #S-L-N
THREAT, IMMINENCE — n — *ugh-ûb ~ *agz-âb [*G-H/Z-B] : from CE *ubmē (id.) via an imitation of the juxtaposed Kh. aglâb, CE *labm-
THREE — num — *dalâsh/z (*dalêsh/z) / *shadâl (*shadêl) [*D-L-SH/Z / *SH-D-L] : from the Eldarin numeral, based on the pairings S. paran ?= Kh. #shar(a)b (root #1) and S. celeb = Kh. kibil (root #2) ‖ the alt. vocalisation /1a2ê3/ is from The Dwarrow Scholar's neolinguistic scheme
TOPIC(S) vs. GOSSIP — n — *magalb [#G-L-B]
TREE — n — *(kh)arz/(kh)urz (collective vs. sg. -a/-î- per Arabic šajar+a ?) ['<' S. orn] : cp. Kh. baraz = S. born or caran; #Kh-Z-D ≈ OT-OS (Ad. hazid)
URBAN — adj — *uthûn-ul (*-û/-ub, #-ā̆g) [< #uthûn (PE17:47)] : Arab. madan-iy (In Arabic & Hebrew, the nisba adj. suffix has the same vowel as the Common Semitic genitive case)
WRITER, CHRONICLER — n — *uzrā̆b [Z-R-B]
WRITING/RECORDING-TOOL — n — *zerab (prop. *zérab?) [Z-R-B]
YELLOW — adj — *d/tulukh (vs. *d/tukhul) [*D/T-L-Kh] : from Valarin tulukh- (whence also Vanyarin Q tulka) — a colour/characteristic adjective of a /u/-vowel type is by definition found in Buzundush even if the first element in Tumunzahar were actually a noun
See also
• http://forodrim.org/daeron/md_khuzdul.html
• https://sites.google.com/site/quasikhuzdul/analysis-rationale/analysis-of-existing-words
• http://www.ilfossodihelm.it/id_nav8.asp?id_nav=8&id_sottonav=107&id_cont=408
Quenya ⋮ ————
ADHERENCE — n — *himistë; *himbië; *himya-lë (-rë) [KHIM (cp. NEM, etc.)]
ADHESIVE SUBSTANCE — n — *hī̆mo; *þuxo/þuk(s)ima; *vixo/vik(s)ima [KHIM; !THUK(-US); !WIK(-IS)/WIS-IG] : with #1 cp. the substance-names malo (< SMAL), líco and Qe. móro "ink" (= Fi. muste)
ADULTHOOD, MATURITY — n — *alanwië, *olinwië [GAL; OL]
ADVENTURE — n — *mirraxë, *raxe-lenda, -mistë [w/ raxë "danger"]
AFFECT — v tr — *persa-, *peresta- [PERÉS]
ALL/EVERY KIND OF — adj — *ilyaitë, *ilquaitë, *ilqu(a)ima [IL] : compare taitë, sítë, manima
ALLOTTED PORTION — n — *satsë [SAT]
AND ALSO NO(T) — conj — *ú-yo; *lá-yë
ANT — n — *(umba)collë; cólopí; *cumbetan/hamnatan, -cë [KOL (: NYEL); CE *pī; KUB; KHAB; TAN]
APPARENTLY — adv — *vëavë; *nemyavë [#1 < adj. vëa (PE17:189)] : presumably, = impers. néma (i..) "it seems (that..)" (PE22:99)
APPEARANCE (TAKEN-ON), DISGUISE — n — *nemma [NEM (: REM)]
ASSUMPTION, SUPPOSITION — n — *címa [KEY]
ASTRAY: LOST — adj — *warin(wa), *wári-ssë-a, *wando-ssë-a [WAD] : #2 contains a súrë-type noun; with #3 cp. MBAD (MR:350)
ATONE, RECOMPENSE — v tr — *enwárata- [< mára]
AUTHOR — n — *parmahto [parma + ahto]
AWE-INSPIRING — adj — *áya-cuitëa, -nartaitë, -tyaraitë, -tyarya [w/ -ya, -itë] : #1 relies on the attestedness of pahta- (verb) and ú-pahtëa (adj.)
BAG, CARRYING-AID — n — *colma [< *kol-mā < KOL]
BARK, BAY — v — *(hu)hunga-; (~ at?) *huhta- [KHUG] : by analogy with other -G roots (frequentative prefix : cp. PE22 pp. 108, 112+, etc.)
BASE; BE BASED (UPON: +All./Loc.) — v — *talamya- [TALAM] : cp. attested verbs of the type caran-ya-, lam-ya-, met-ya-, vaþar-ya-
BECOME FAST(ER), QUICK(ER) — v refl/incept — *lintarya- [< adj. linta]
BEFORE, ANTEQUAM — conj — *fá-sai/-tai, *nó-sai/-tai [#1 < PHĀ/APHA (cp. OPO)]
BEHAVE — v intr — *lëa- (pa.t. *lengë; ger. *lérë) [LEÑ (cp. EÑ, TEÑ)]
BEVERAGE — n — *suhta, *suxa/ë, *sunca/suqua (CE *suk-nā; *suk-wō) [SUK] : with #1 cp. matta; with #2 compare the "X-ed thing" derivations from AP, (G)LIB, MBAS, TAK (+ also raxa ?)
BOOTY, QUICK GAIN — n — *napsa/napat [NAP]
BORN: BE BORN — v — *nóya- / noia- / onya- [NŌ/ONO]
BRING — v tr — tulya-; *tercol-/(ter)tuc- [TUL; KOL; TUK] : tulya- encompassed the sense "bring" attestedly in earlier Quenya (PE16:133 & PE14:58)
CALCULATION TASK, WHAT-IS-COUNTED — n — *notta/notsa [NOT (cp. MAT, AP)]
CAUSING (act) — n — *tyarastë [KYAR (cf. NEM, TIR)]
CITY (UNFORTIFIED) — n — *opelëon(d-) [WO; PEL]
CLAIM, ALLEGE — v — *nyaira- [NYAR] : a "desiderative" verb; cf. mína- (< *meina- < MEN) and the adj. soica
CLARIFY — v tr — *calasta- [KAL : calassë] : cp. PE17:84
COMBINE — v tr — *(o)yatya- [WO; YAT (cp. LAT, MET..)]
COMMENCING, INCIPIENT — adj — *yestëa, *yestila, *yestassëa [YES(ET)] : regarding -ila see PE22:155 (~ active participle *yestaila per PE22:156)
CONCLUDING — adj — *telesta [TEL-ES]
CONFIDENT — adj — *estel-arwa, -inqua, *þelítë [STEL; 3AR; KWA]
CONGREGATION — n — *sávocon (sávocomb-); *savindorë [< agent nouns of SAB 'to believe']
CONTINUE, BE EXTENDED — v intr/refl — *tai(y)a-, *taina-, [in Acc. + inf.] *ataita [TAY]
CULTURE — n — *(o)haimelë [WO; KHIM] : cp. tengwe-lë, lambe-lë, hande-lë
CURE (MEANS) — n — *haswa [HATH (: KHITH)]
DEPICT, PORTRAY — v tr — *emya-, [habitually] *emba- [EM (cp. TAM)]
DEVELOP — v — [tr.] *etevatya-¹; [refl.] *-xe-, *etevanta- [ET; BAT] : ¹ 'to make sth walk forward'
DRINKER — n — *yulindo = sucindo {m}; *yulissë = sucissë {f} [YUL; SUK]
DURATION — n — *tinga-ndë, -sta/-stë [< tinga- < TIG]
DURING — prep — ter [Lat. per]; mi lúmë (+ Poss.); (Poss./Gen. +) *lúyandessë; (Nom. +) *lúyalassë [LU (-ya- : NDU)] : ..ala-ssë = '(with) X being in passing, aliquo procedente' (as in Markirya)
DWELLING, ABIDANCE (act) — n — *marastë [MBAR (cf. NEM, TIR)]
EMOTIONAL — adj — *walmëa [(G)WAL]
ENTRANCE — n — *mir(a)-, minna-men(ë), -rat(ë), minna-tië [MI; MEN; RAT; TEƷ] : attested examples of short root nouns include mar, ter-cen, tyel
EROSION — n — *(voro)nwarárë [< nwara-]
EVENING: OF ~, LATE — adj — *þinyëa, *þinyessëa [< þinyë, Etym:392]
EVIDENCE: PIECE OF ~ — n — *enwie(n)-/nanwie(n)-tulco [< adj. enwa/nanwa; TULUK]
EXAMINATION — n — *ecces-të, *ecceþ-esta/ë [ET; KETH]
EXPECTATION — n — *(nó-, ana-)horárë [SKOR]
EXPLAIN — v tr — *hannata-; *sainata- [KHAN; SAY (cp. TAK, en-vinya-ta-)]
FAILURE — n — *loiv(i)ë/loiandë [LOY (cp. KUY/RUY, TUY)]
FATIGUE — n — *lumbië, *lumbalë [< adj. lumba]
FEAT, EXPLOIT — n — *cardon(d-); *tarcarda [KAR]
FELLOWSHIP — n — *sartonë, *(y)osartië, *(o-, yo-)sartossë [w/ sarto "loyal companion"] : with #3 cp. Qe. le-tinwe-ssë ("constellation") and karka-ssë ("set of spikes or teeth")
FEW, NOT MANY — adj — *mang(w)a, *mangima [!MAÑG] : synonymous with aþanótë
FILLING, STUFFING — n — *quátula, *quā̆to, *quatsë [KWAT]
FINDING, DISCOVERY (act) — n — *hiristë; *tuvustë [KHIR; TUB (cp. TIR, NEM)]
FINGER — v tr — *leperya- [< leper; cf. vaþar-ya-]
'FINISHING-TOUCH' — n — *hritistë [SRIT (cp. NEM, TIR)]
FIRST, AT FIRST — adv — *mino; *min(d)ë; *minya-vë, -lë¹ (as an essive); yesse-n [MIN; YES(ET)] : with *mino cp. cato, oio [and the Finnish gen-acc. adverbs]; *min(d)ë is formed like the Qe. adv. ol(d)ë ‖ ¹ regarding -lë, see also entry & cp. PE17 pp. 59, 74, 95
FITTING — adj — *(o)cámëa, *camaitë [WO; KAM (cp. ao. UM)]
FIVE: *MAKE FIVEFOLD — v tr — *lepenya- [LEPEN (cp. KARAN)]
FOCUS ON — v tr — *vorotenta- (+Acc.) [voro + tenta-]
FOOLISH — adj — *(h)aucima/(h)oacima [< Qe. auk- / !(Ʒ)AWAK] : cp. winima "childish"
FORCE, COERCION — n — *tuoþahtië [TUG; THAG]
FORGET — v tr — *avaren(ya)- [REN (per ava-lerya-)]
FORGIVENESS (act) — n — *avatyarastë; *apsenestë [ABA; KYAR; SEN (cf. NEM, TIR)]
FORK — n — *nel-, can-carca, *mattamma [NEL(ED)/KAN(AT); KARAK; MAT; TAM] : for "knife and fork," one can simply use a dual noun: *cirmat or (only in Vanyarin Q ?) *cirmu
FUNDAMENTAL — adj — *talmaina [< talma]
FUTURE, POSTERITY — n — *tulwië, *tulury(am)ë, (pl. tant.) tuluryar [TUL] : with #1 cp. vanwië "past" (n), Ety:397
GIVER, BESTOWER (*HABITUAL) — n — *ánimo [f. #ánië] [ANA]
GRAVITY — n — *(o-/nat-)tucuitië [TUK]
GROUP — n — *eo-në/-rë; *quenesta/oquenië; *hoscë/hoþocë (: NDER, WIN), *hostol(lë) [EWE; KWEN; stock of KHOTH + dim. suff.]
HALFWAY — n — *perelenda [PER; LED]
HARDSHIP, TROUBLE — n — *urdalë, *urdas(së), *ur(nu)ma [< adj. urda & its root GUR]
HEEL — n — *nótallunë, *ca(t)tallunë [nó-; TAL; RUN; KA]
HOLD, KEEP HOLDING (KEEP RECEIVING?) — v freq — *capsa-/cacamba- [KAB]
HOLDING-CELL — n — *manda-/mando-þan {Npl. -þambi} [MBAD; STAB]
HORIZONTAL, LYING-DOWN — adj — *cëaitë [KAY]
'HOSPITAL': INFIRMARY — n — *coa haþandëa, *tar-haþarnë (-háþoinë) [HATH; KAW; *haþar (*"a healing-agent with coequals"); *háþoina ("sanatorius")]
HOSPITALITY — n — *náþul-assë, -ië [NATH (w/ adj. -ula)]
HYPOTHETICAL — adj — *(o)cítandëa [< cíta-]
ILLUMINATE — v tr — *calarya- [< calar; cf. vaþar-ya-]
IMAGINATIVE — adj — *nauþ(ë)arwa, *nauþinqua [NOW(O); ƷAR; KWA]
IN FRONT OF — prep — *hyá/hyata [KHYĀ (cp. KĀ, PĀ, RĀ)] : one is also tempted to predict a vb *hyáta- (+Acc/Abl?) "to precede (physically)" in light of the attested CE paragons *rā-ta- and *bā-ta-
INCITE — v tr — *siuta- [SIW (: PIW)]
INDICATE, POINT OUT — v tr — *tasta- [TAS]
INDIVIDUAL — adj — *eryoima; *erquenda [ER]
INDIVIDUAL — n — *eryo/eryamo; *erquen [ER]
INFINITY — n — *lametë, *latyelë [LA; MET; KYEL] : compare the nouns lacarë, laista, etc.
INSIGHTFUL, PERCEPTIVE — adj — *tercenwa, *terceninqua [TER; KEN (MR:216)]
INTRODUCE, MAKE FAMILIAR — v tr — *moinata- [MOY]
INVENTED — adj — *ō̆vina/ovonwa [GOWO]
INVENTION — n — *ovo-sta, -stë [GOWO]
KILL — v tr — *qualta-, *qualinya- [KWAL, Q qualin]
KINDLING-TOOL — n — *nartuma/tintuma [NAR; TIN (per STAG/THAG)]
KINGLY — adj — *aranda/aranya [< aran]
KNOCK (ON DOOR) — n — *ton-wë (-wië, -wen) [TON] : cp. sanwë and PE17:68
LABOURER — n — *móta-ro, -ndo {m}, *móta-ri(l), -llë {f} [MŌ]
LAUGHTER — n — *lalandë [lala- (PM:359) + -ndë] : also cp. ulundë < ULU
LEARNER — n — *parindo, *parmo {m}; *parissë {f} [PAR] : one can also suggest an ahto/arpo-type derivation *apro (= "a particular creature associated with learning/arranging" ?)
LEARNING (act) — n — *parastë [PAR (cf. NEM, TIR)]
LEMON — n — *sáramalin(d-) [SAG; (S)MAL]
LESS, IN SMALLER AMOUNT — adv — *ampícië [PIK] : cp. PE17:93+
LESSON — n — (par(a)-, parte-, et-) *saima [SAY]
LIBRARY (COLLECTION) — n — *parmacombë; *oparmië [PAR; KOM]
LINK — n — *limma [LIM]
LIST — n — *esse-në, -rë ("set of names"); (of 7 items) *otsessë (cp. Ety:379) [ES]
LOCAL — adj — *nómessëa; [of speaker's current location] *siménaina, *sissëa [nómë "a place"; SI; MEN (Ety:372)] : with #2 cp. valaina
LOSE, BE DEPRIVED OF — v impers — auta-/vanya-, *aulelya- (person in +Abl., thing lost in Nom.) [AWA vs. WAN; DEL/LED]
MANHOOD, MANLINESS — n — *nér(i)ë, *neressë [NDER (cp. the stock of WEN, Ety:398)]
MAP — n — *norcantemma / *(cant)emma nórion; hyalin mínalen/*mínā̆lëa [NDOR; KAT; EM; MEN] : cp. S dorgannas
MARKET, TRADING-PLACE — n — *mahamen [MBAKH; MEN] : a formation like rui-men (PE17:183) and Qe. sara-mór (PE16:133)
MASOCHISM — n — *ñwalmanilmë [ÑGWAL; N(D)IL]
MEASURE: MEANS OF ~MENT — n — *leswa, *lemma (with CE *-mā) [from root of lesta] : for phonoevolutionary parallels, see KHITH, SMAL in The Etymologies
MEDICAL INSTRUMENT — n — *haþil [HATH]
MEDICAL MEANS, MEDICINE — n — *haþwa (< *hathmā) [HATH]
MIDPIECE, MEDIUM — n — *enelma [< enel]
MISLEAD, LEAD ASTRAY — v tr — *ustulya- [based on PE17:151 & VT43(:22)]
MOVER, 'MOTOR' — n — *rihtar/rincar (*vor(o)~) [RIK(H)]
MULTIPLY — v tr — *itya- vs. *inta- ('by': +Instr.) [IT (: LAT, TAT, etc.)]
NATURE — n — *nónas(së)/ónus(së) [NŌ/ONO]
NEARBY — adj — *(h)ar-caina/-caira/-marëa/-marya; *ala-/lā̆-haira [AD(A)/ÑAR; KAY; MBAR (: PHAR, SIR); KHAY]
NECESSARY — adj — [Dsg. >] *þangie-n-da, *mauri-n-da; *(a)namaurë, *maurévëa [STAG/THAG; MBAW; ANA/NĀ; -vëa] : with #1 and #2, cp. súri-(nen) and the adj-s hon-da, Qe. tyen-da; #2 is an adjective formation like ('MQ') avanótë and Qe. lintitinwë
NEVER, NOT ONCE — adv — *únëa [ú- + nëa]
NEWS (PIECE OF), REPORT — n — *(vin)westa [WIN; GWETH]
NIGHTMARE — n — *olo-/ló-ruh-to (-të); *lungorto [DŌ (VT45:28); RUK]; [LUG; Q ñorto]
NOTICEABLE — adj — *hentent-aima, -álima [< hententa-]
OBSTACLE, COMPLICATION — n — *hrangwa, *hranguma [SRAG/SRAK] : cp. sangwa, sanguma
OCEANIC — adj — *eäron-da/-ya [< eäron]
OPENER (TOOL) — n — *latar/latyuma [LAT]
OPTION — n — *cílim-a, -árë; *hócilë [KIL (-(á)rë); HO]
PATIENT, Genesender — n — *háþaino; *haþastëa [HATH (cp. káraina; farino/nehtano; MQ -astëa/-ustëa)]
PERCEPTION — n — (action) *tunta-lë/-më, *tuntë; (what is perceived) *tunta, -nwë/-ndë, ?tunutsë [#TUN(UT) (Qe. v tr tunta-, nn tunto)]
PICKED THING; EXCERPT — n — *(hó)lepta, -nwë/-ndë [HO; LEP]
PLANET — n — *elempelya/ë [EL; PEL] : cp. melu-matya, voro-sanya, tolyo
POLYGLOT — n — *lillambimo [< lambë]
PONTOON — n — *lutsë [LUT]
POPULAR — adj — *linseron-da, -wa, *limmeld(ë)arwa [LI; SER; MEL] : after Icelandic vin-sæll (id.)
PORTABLE — adj — *(aþ)cólima, *colostëa [KOL]
PORTION: EVEN PORTION — n — *estatal/etsatal [cp. hatal]
PRESS: ~ REPEATEDLY — v freq — *carapsa- vs. *cacramba- [KARÁB (: Ety:367 vs. PE22:100)]
PROBABLE, LIKELY — adj — *hor-aima, -álima, *horárëa [SKOR] : see also attested synonym(s)
PRODUCE, YIELD — v — *(et)yav-, (freq.) *(et)yapsa- [ET; YAB]
PRODUCTIVE — adj — *yavaitë [YAB]
PROJECTION — n — *musta [MBUD (: SYAD, WED)]
PROPERTY — n — *hepsa; (pl. tant.) vérar/vérali [KHEP; (E)WE (PM:340)]
PROTECTION — n — *soto-sta, -stë [SOT]
PROVIDE — n — *(h)ráferya- [(h)rá- + ferya-] : "to arrange sth ready on behalf of another"
PUT, MAKE STAND — v tr — *tyulya-/tyulta-; *tarta- [TYUL; TAR (+ -ta-)] : cp. e.g. Sanskrit (caus. sthā-pay- < sthā- 'to stand')
QUALITY — n — *manimárë; *vëalë [< manima, #vëa] : with #1, compare https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/quality#Etymology
QUESTION — n — *maquen-wië/-wen(d-), *maquenwa [MA; KWET]
RADIATE — v freq (intr) — *fafaina-, *fafáya- [PHAY]
RAFT — n — *lutyo, *lutil, *lut(u)talan [LUT; talan] : with #3 cp. Qe. sara-mór "writing-ink" (PE16:133) ‖ given -nwa, voronwa, alanwa (PE22:112), a form *lutunwa might also make sense (though be possibly preferred as an animal-name)
REACT — v — *hancar- [han- + car-]
REALITY, EXISTENCE — n — *anw-assë, *nanw-assë, -ië [< adj. anwa, nanwa]
REASON, CAUSE(R) — n — *tyár-(o), *tyaryo, *yestyar [KYAR; YES(-ET)] : we might also anticipate a synonymous derivation *atyar (see Ardalambion > Primitive Elvish > THE STEM AND ITS MODIFICATIONS), even though such a noun would look identical to the Npl. of atya "zweite"
RECIPIENT — n — *cavindo, *cavumo {m}, *cavissë, *cavu-llë, -nië, -ri(l) {f} [KAB, (inchoat.) *kabu-]
REGIME, GOVERNMENT — n — inga-/turu-cánor, *marta-tyáror [pl.], *herunë [ING; TUR; KAN; MBAR; KYAR; KHER]
RELATIVE — n — *onossemo, *nosse-n(d)er {m.}, -n(d)is {f.}, *nossequen {c.} [NŌ; NDER/NDIS; KWE-N] : cp. Gn. gonothrin "of same kindred"
REMIND, MAKE RECALL — v tr — *enyalta- [EN; YAL]
REPORT, PIECE OF NEWS — n — *(vin)westa [(G)WETH]
RESEMBLANCE — n — *vávëas(së), *imbeas(së) [WO; IM; *-bejā; abstr. sfx.] = Qe. so-veassë
RESOURCE — n — *aþyuma [ATHA] : cp. sanga-, sanguma
RHYME — n — *t(y)el-láma/-lámina [TEL/†KYEL; LAM]: with #2 cp. the formation coa-calina
ROPE — n — *nu(n)til (cp. TAK + PE21:71), *nútel(a), *nunwa (< *nutmā) [NUT] : a tiable item / an implement used in the action of tying ‖ another synonym would be the early attestation þerm-a "cord", or its augmentation with -on(d-)
SACRAMENT — n — *erulisse-ma, -haimë [LIS; KHIM]
SCROLL — n — *pantila [PAT] : cp. panta- (unfurl, spread out), tanta-, tantila (and tancil/tancal(a) *"a TAK-able thing")
SEASON, Jahreszeit — n — *loa-casta, -cansat [LAW; KAN(AT)]
SECRET — n — *muin-ë, -ië, *muinat [MUY; NĀ]
SECRETLY — adv — *muio/mui(n)avë/muilessë [MUY (cp. OY)]
SELL — v tr — *aumanca- [AWA; MBAKH]
SELLER'S STALL — n — *(au)mahar-në, -yë, *(au)mahindas(së) [MBAKH] : cp. (a) sar-në (< adj. -na á la Lat. -arium, -arius) / (b) aina-s(së), hō̆pa-ssë & Qe. kondassë "dragon's lair" < kondo
SERVICE — n — *veusta/ë [BEW]
SEXUAL — adj — *puhtëa, *puhtā̆lëa; (pertaining to ~ desire) *yérëa [!PUK/PUK(H); YER/YES] : an attested noun > adj. formation similar to #1 is úpahtëa
SHOELACES — n du — *natalu (hyapat-úva/-yat) [NAT]
SHOULDER — n — *rancinga; *ocolquin(d-) [ranco + inga; WO; KOL; KWIN] : with #1 cp. aldinga "topmost part of a tree"; *ocolquin(d-) = "co-bearing-crest (ridge, prominence)"
SIGHT: POPULAR ‐ — n — *meldacenna [MEL; KEN]
SIMULTANEOUS — adj — *imilúmëa [IMI; LU]
SINCE, EVER SINCE — (temp) conj — *tallo yá, *lúmello yá [TA; LU; YA]
SIZE, LARGENESS (O.E. grīetu) — n — *hoalë; *pold-ië, -alë [< hoa, polda]
SLEEPWALKING — n — *lornavantë [(O)LOS; BAT]
SMALL: MAKE ~ER — v tr — *(am-, na-)mintita-, *(am)nincita- [< mintë, ninki- "small"] : cp. #airita-, an-torya-më
SMILE — n — *rëo, *rai(na)stir [RAY-2; STIR]
SOCK — n — *tal-telmë, -vaico [TAL; TEL; WAY]
SOFTEN, MAKE SOFTER — v tr — *(am-, na-)mussita- [< mussë "soft" (VT39:17)]
SOMETIMES — adv — lú(me)li-s [LŪ]
SONG, LAY (SUNG POEM) — n — *lainë [LIN-2] = the "summer-lookalike" lairë, Etym:359
SOWING, (Aus)saat — n — *renda [RED (: SYAD)]
SPEED UP, AD-CELERARE — v tr — *(ama-, na-)rindita- [< adj. rindë (per VT32:7)]
SPEND — v tr — *hó-yuc- [HO; YUK]
SPEND THE NIGHT — v — *lómesta- [per Qe. koiresta- "spend one's life", PE12:48] : cp. Finn. yöpyä (id.)
STELLAR — adj — *elenya, *elenda, *elenaitä [< elen] : compare arinya, honda, aranaitë
STRIP, MAKE NAKED OR BARE — v tr — *parnita- [< adj. parnë (per VT32:7)]
TAIL — n — *neuco [NDEW (cp. TIW, ranco)]
TAKE (WHAT IS TAKEN) — n — *mapsa [MAP]
TEMPLE, PLACE OF PRAYER — n — *hyam(a)men [KHYAM; MEN]
THANKS TO — prep/ppos — *hanna vs. -o vié-nen/*cardo-nen [HAN (: TEN > tenna); WEG; KAR (: NDER)]
THAT, daß (pre-article) — conj — *sal [= sa (MS)] : a morphological harmonization/alignment of the conjunctions mal and sa — cp. Finnish mu-tta ≠ e-ttä
THIRTY-SIX — num — *nellasta/nerrasta/nelyunquë [nel + rasta, yunquë] : per yu-rasta = "24" (PE14:17)
THOUSAND — num — *menquë [= S #meneg] : the Q equivalent might also be *mencë, yet nonetheless S eneg = Q enquë
TOMATO — n — *musserunuma, *mussecarnuma/muxarnuma [*M(B)US + RUN, KARAN]
TOMORROW'S — adj — *enárëa [enar "tomorrow" (PE22:124)]
TOUGHNESS — n — *tarya-lë, -ssë [TÁRAG]
TOY, PLAYTHING — n — *tyalla ('thing for repeated play') [TYAL (cp. cilin-tilla < TIR)]
TRADITION — n — *atahaimë / *atóhaimë [AT(-AT); WO; KHIM]
TRANSPARENT — adj — *tercénima [TER(E); KEN] : a synonym to attested (early 1900's) Qe. liquistëa (PE12:54)
TWENTY-TWO — num — *yuminquë [yu- + minquë "11"] : per yu-rasta = "24" (PE14:17)
TYRANT, OPPRESSOR — n — *mauya-mo, -ro [MBAW]
UNGRATEFUL — adj — *hantelóra, *la-/ú-hantëa, *hallissenca, *necendalissë(a) [HAN; han-; (G)LIS; NEK-2; ?NDA(-N)]
UNIQUE — adj — *véraima, *véravéa, *ervëa [(E)WE; ERE]
USAGE — n — *yungwë/yuhtië [YUK (2# : NDAK/NUK/REK)]
VALUE, WORTH — n — *mirma; *(o)mirwië [MIR; WO] : #1 = 'a means to esteem with'
VICTIM — n — *harino, *naityano, *hyan(i)no [SKAR; Qe. naitya-, hyan-] : cp. farino "hunted one, fugitive"
VISUAL — adj — *cénëa/cendëa, *cenestëa [KEN]
WANDERER — n — *ranyamo [RAN (cf. KIR)]
WARM: BECOME WARMER — v intr — *lauya- [LAW] : cf. TIW
WARMTH — n — *lauc-ië, -alë; [sunlight] *anarmë [#1 lauca + -ië] : a shorter form *laucë may also be acceptable in light of PE17:115
WAYFARING, Wanderung — n — *ran-wë (-wië), *ranastë [RAN] = ránë; cp. sanwë and PE17:68
WEAPON — n — *ohtamma; *nahtuma; *hyanar, *hyananga/ë [ohta + tamma; NDAK; Qe. hyan-; ANGĀ]
WEEK — n — *otsië, *otsar [OT-OS] : cp. enquië "a six-day week", lemnar "a five-day week"
WEIGH — v intr — *lunga- [LUG (: YAG)] : cp. also verbs from the roots GLING, PEÑ, STAG
WEIGHT — n — *luo [LUG (: SRUG, TUG)]
WELCOME — adj — *náþima/naþa(l)ima; *(aþ)cávima [NATH; KAB]
WHEN — interr — *má(qua); *mā̆lume(s) [MA; LU] : with #1 cp. í, íqa, yá, tá, sí (Eldamo)
WHEREABOUTS, CURRENT LOCATION — n — *(sí-, sin-)cai-vë, -vië [SI; KAY (: RUY, KUY)]
WHY — interr — *manan (= Dat.); *epema [MA; EP(E) (cp. epe-ta, -tai)]
WINDOW — n — *coahen(d-) [coa + hen]
WOMB; WORKSHOP — n — *ahta [< *aktā < (*A-)KAT] : per the etymology and meaning / root sense relationship of nouns like anca, osto (qq.v. Ardalambion > Primitive Elvish)
WRITE: BE EAGER (HAVE A CALLING) TO WRITE — v desid — *tíca- [< *teika- < TEK (per VT39:11)]
WRITER — n — *téco, *tecindo {m}, *tecissë {f} [TEK]
WRONG, -LY — adv — [incorrectly] *loi(o), loina-/loira-vë; [in the wrong] *loiya/lóya [LOY (cp. MAY, OY, KHAY)]
Sindarin ⋮ ————
ACCORDING TO, REPORTED BY — prep — *trî/be nar-as, -ath; trî/be bent [TER; NYAR (cp. SPAR, GAL); KWET]
ACTIVE, LIVELY — adj — *gweur, *gweng [OS *wegra, *weŋga < WEG]
ADULT PERSON — n — (pp. galan-/gallen >) *gel(l)endir {m}, *gel(l)endis {f} [GAL(A); NDER; NDIS] : cp. ceredir, meldis; Q alanwa ("adult", PE22:112) ‖ element-boundary result per Gateway § 15.16.
ADVENTURE — n — *rachlen(n-) ["danger-journey", Q *raxelenda]
AGE OF A CREATURE — n — *íphannas, *íphathred [< íphant] : cp. thennas, pathred
APPRECIATION — n — *mern-ad, -as; *mirith [to adj. *mern < MIR (ao. cp. SKAR)]
ARCHER — n — *pengron {m}; *pengril {f} [KWIG]
ARRANGEMENT — n — *parthanneth [PAR]
ASCENT — n — *oroth; *amlennad [OR(O); AM #2; (G-)LED]
ASK, INQUIRE — v — *mabed- (-ia-, *mabethra-) [MA, KWET : Q maquet- (PM:403)]
ASSEMBLAGE — n — *cofnas/covannas [KOM]
ATONE, COMPENSATE — v tr — *maera(da)-/advaera(da)- [MAY (cp. adj. & vb. < KEW)]
ATTEMPT — n — *ndeved [NDEB]
AUTUMN, -AL — adj — *iavathren; *lasbelidhren [< iavas; lasbelin]
AVENGER — n — *acharon, *agnir [OS *at-kʰaro(ndo); *akandīr(o) < AK, NDER : Salo §§ 4.79., 14.9.]
BACK: GIVE OR BRING BACK — v tr/caus — *radhwa- [RAD per PE22:148]
BARD — n — *glirion {m}; *glirieth {f} [G-LIR (: PHIR)]
BE ABLE, CAN — v freq — *polla- [POL (cp. BAT, NAL, NYEL, YAL)]
BEACH-, SHORE- — adj — *falathren [< falas]
BEAUTIFY — v tr — *benia-/beinia- [BAN (cp. PHER, SAT)]
BECAUSE OF — prep — (1) o thuith; (2) sui 'wachil/'wanýl; (3) ndi/trî bres/bessad (+Gen.) [*tuith = action noun of tog- (TUK); *gwa-chil(t) (KHIL), *gwa-n(d)ýl (NDEW) "consequence"; *pres(s) "affection" (PERES)]
BEGINNING — n — *mimbad [min- + pâd (PE17:34)] : "first step or action" (cp. the OIr. compound synonym cét-óir )
BEHALF: ON BEHALF OF — prep — (I: representing sb) vi eneth (en/na); (II: for the benefit of) 'ni(n) maer (en/na)
BEHAVIOUR, MANNERISM — n — *leng-er (-or), *leng(ren)as [LEÑ]
BEVERAGE — n — *sûn (OS *sug-na, -nu) [SUK]
BIG SISTER — n — *(ne)thelon; *(ne)theloth [< thêl vs. nethel] : w/ aug. suff.
BIRTH — n — *eniad; *onneth [ONO (cp. ORO; PERES)]
BIRTHDAY — n — *oronneth [aur + *onneth (< onnen)]
BLACKEN, DARKEN — v tr — *morna-, *mornada- [MOR (cp. SKAR / TAK)]
BLESSED, HAVING GRACE — adj — *mauneb (OS *mǭnipa < nn. *mǭn-a, -e), *menid (Q manaitë), *menian (pp; cp. KHAN, RAN) [MAN]
BLIND — adj — *úgend, *úgenol [KEN (cp. KHAN)]
BODILY — adj — *rhondren [SRON]
BORN: BE BORN — v intr — *enia- {pa.t. enias(t)} [ON(O)] : cf. OR(O)
BRAIN — n — *onu (OS *onwa/o) vs. *nom (CE *noŋw-) [pro the mix-uppable *nau(v-) < *nouma]; *nothdú ('thought-muscle') [NOWO; TUG] : #1 = a 'that where X happens, is done' type derivation like anc, ost; with #2 cp. KAB, NEÑWI, RAK
BRIEFLY, IN BRIEF — adv — *na thent; *an luveg [#2: an + dim. of lû]
BURNING, ON FIRE — adj — *naureb [naur + -eb]
CALL, NAME (REPEATEDLY) — v tr — *enethra- [w/ eneth (cp. WATH)]
CALM, TRANQUIL — adj — *(s)ídh-eb, -en [SED]
CALM (ANOTHER), PACIFY — v tr/caus — *sedhwa- [SED per PE22:148]
CAPTIVE (PERSON) — n — *raphal [RAPH (: NATH)]
CARRIER, BEARER — n — *collon/coldir; *colothron [KOL (cp. BAD/KHAT/ONO, RAN, MEL)]
CAUSE, BRING ABOUT — v tr — *ceiria-; *caetha- [KYAR (cp. TYAL); KAƷ]
CAUSE TO DESIRE, HAVE FEEL LIKE -ING — v tr/caus — *edhwa- [ID per PE22:148]
CELEBRATE, SUBJECT TO A FEAST — v tr — *merethra- [!MER] : cp. gwathra- "to over-shadow" = Fi. *varjo(i)ttaa
CELESTIAL — adj — *menellen [< menel]
CENTER, FOCUS — v intr — *eneidia- [OS *(h)enetia- < HENET]
CENTRAL, ESSENTIAL — adj — *(e)nedhren [(É)NED]
CHANGE, ALTERATION — n — *gwist(-ian / -ien), *gwistanneth [WIS #2 (PE17)] : with #1 cp. also N mist (< OS *mis-te or *-ti as a mature S word)
CHOOSER, ELECTOR — n — *cilithron, *cildir/cilunir [OS *kilma/me/we-ndīr(o)] {m}; *cilithril, *cildis {f} [KIL]
CHOSEN — pp — *cillen [KIL]
CITIZEN, KINGDOM-PERSON — n — *arnad-ben, -lon [< arnad]
CITY — n — *ostas/daeros(t); *beredi, -on/-oth [OS *ostasse/dairosto < Ó-SOT; *baratiie < BAR-AT]
CLEAN — v tr — *puigla- [POY (cp. baug-la-)]
CLIMBER — n — *red-lon, -ron, *rethron [OS *rentʰro(ndo) or *retʰro(ndo)], (habitual) *redweg [RET (cp. ET, KHAT vs. KWET)]
COMING, ADVENT — n — *tuluth, *tult (OS *tul-tʰe, -tʰu), *toled(-eg, -el) [TUL]
COMPLETE, FINISH UP — v tr — *tregar- [KAR]
COMPLICATION — n — [single] *hraedh; [event/idea of complicating] *hraeth [OS *r̭ai-de/da; *r̭ai-tʰe (resp.) < SRAG]
CONSEQUENCE — n — *apha(da)nneth [AP; PAT]
CONTINUE — v intr/tr — (Neo-S. *en-/entha- < EN, vs. prefixing him- "ever, continually" to a verb, or using the adverb eno "still")
COOKED — adj/pp — *afnen [OS *amnina < *apnā < AP (: TAP)]
CORPOREAL — adj — *rhondren [SRON]
CROP, PRODUCE — n — *iaudh-i, -as [OS *-iie/-asse < CE *jabdā], *go-iódh/-iafn; *iaust [ult. < CE *jab(a)stā (Qe. yausta 'crop')]
DEPICT — v tr — *(oh)emma- [EM; OS]
DESCEND — v intr — *dadlenna- [DAT; (G-)LED (SD:129)]
DEVOTION — n — *ndilith [NDIL (cp. MEL)]
DIFFICULT: MAKE DIFFICULT — v tr — *gordhada-; *rhangada- [< adj. gordh, rhanc; cf. other -da- verbs]
DISCOVERY — n — *hirth/hirith [KHIR (cf. GIR, ÑGUR)]
DIVIDE, PART — v tr — *(ui)neg-/nenga(da)-; *peria- [YŪ; NEK #2; PER (sec. Q vb & PHER)]
DOING, MAKING — n — *carath [KAR (cp. GIR, ÑGUR)]
DOUBLE, REPEAT — v tr — *edeidia- vs. *teidia- [TAT(A) (#2 per the stock of SAT)]
DROP, MAKE FALL — v tr — *danthada-; *de(i)dia- [OS *dantʰata-; *datia- < DAT]
DRUNKARD — n — *sugweg, *ylweg [SUK; YUL]
DWARVEN — adj — *naugren; *hadhodren; *cadhadren [< naug, hadhod, cadhad]
DWELLER; ABIDANCE — n — [agent] *ndorth(-or, -ron); [action] *ndorth(-ad, -adel) [#1 < OS *ndor-tʰo, -tʰ(e)ro(ndo); #2 < OS *ndor-tʰe, -tʰat- < NDOR]
EACH OTHER, ONE ANOTHER — recipr pn — taid-em(ir), -el(ir), -ent; (3pl only) im din/hain [taid + 1pl. / 2pl. / 3pl. poss. suff. (PE17)]
EATER — n — *madron, *mador [MAT (: KHAT)]
EDIBLE — adj — *madui [MAT] : the logical antonym of *úvadui "inedible" (per PE17:144)
EDUCATE, WISEN — v tr — *saelada- [SAY]
ELSE — adj/pn — *esg, *eg(e)n [#ES-EK/EK-ES (in Q exa)] : cp. Ety:373, PE17:55, 184
EMPTY — v tr — *cufra-/cofra-, *cofnada- [KUM]
ENCIRCLE — v tr — *echeria- [ET; KOR]
ENTISH — adj — *onodren [< onod]
EXILE(DNESS) — n — *edlenneth [< edlen(n-)]
EXISTENCE, Eä vs. THING — n — *êw [< *eñwe < EÑ]
EXPERIENCE, GO THROUGH — v tr — *trelenna- [TER(ES); G-LED]
EXPLAIN, MAKE UNDERSTOOD — v tr — *hannada-; *saenada- [KHAN; SAY (cp. TAK)]
EXPRESS WITH WORDS; LYRICIZE — v tr — *pethra- [OS *pettʰara- < KWET (cp. WATH)]
EXTEND, PROLONG — v tr — *taeda-, *taena(da)- [TAY] : attested -AY+t- verb derivations in S : gwaeda-, raeda-
-FACED — adj/elem — *-theru; *-thírion/-thíriel [STIR (#1 per KHITH)]
FAMILIAR: MAKE ~, GET TO KNOW — v tr — *muinada- [< adj. muin]
FASTENING, ATTACHMENT — n — *taeth [OS *tak-tʰe, -tʰa < TAK (: NAK)]
FEAST-DAY, 'HOLIDAY' — n — *ormereth [/m/ pro /v/ due to Gen. sense] [AR/UR; MER (adhuc pro MBER)]
FEMALE — adj — *ndaich [OS *ndihia < NDIS]
FITTING, BEFITTING — adj — *cevid, *cam, *coven [KAM] : #2 per DIM, KHIM, PHIM, RIM; #3 per PE17:133
FLATTEN, SMOOTHEN — v tr — *dalwada- [DAL]
FOAMY; FOAMY DRINK — adj; n — *gwingren; *gwengu [WIG]
FOREST- — adj — *erydhren; *taur-en, -ui [< eryn, taur]
FRAIL (TINY) CREATURE — n — *mim(m-) [OS *mimbè < MIW #2 (: LIW)]
FREEZE, 'ICE' — v tr — *helegra- [KHELEK (: NAYAK)]
FRUIT, YIELD — n — *(ed)iafn ('fructus'), *iaudh (CE *jab-d-), *ieved-ig, -il; *(ed)ievian [YAB] : cp. Gateway (pp. 159-160); Gn. gav- "to produce, yield, bear fruit" (< YAVA)
FUNDAMENTAL — adj — *thonnathren [< thonnas]
FUTURE — n — *tylwi vs. *telwi [OS *tulwiie < TUL] : cp. (the pl. noun) cyry < *kurwi vs. (the N inf) tegi < *tukiie
GIVER, BESTOWER — n — *adhron/anathron, *anthor (nth/nh/nn; OS *antʰro) {m} (= {f} *edhril, #oneth) [AN(A) (: ONO)]
GLADDEN, DELIGHT — v tr — *glasta- [GAL-AS]
GLASSY, OF GLASS — adj — *heledhren [heledh + -ren]
GNAW, NIBBLE ON — v — *neidhia- [NYAD (cp. TYAL)]
GO, FARE — v — #gledh-, #glenna- [(G)LED] : a later synonym is men- (inf. mened, PE22:165)
GRAVE, TOMB (syn.) — n — *ui(r)chost; *uist (OS *uista/uiste) [OY; KHAW]
GROW LONG, STRETCH — v — *taena- [TAY]
GUEST-, OF/FOR GUESTS — adj — *nathallen [NATH]
GUIDE — v — *go-, tre-dog- [TUK]
HABITUAL, CUSTOMARY — adj — *haew-eb, -en [w/ haew]
HAMPER, HINDER — v tr — *gordhada-; *rhangada- [GUR; SRAG/SRAK (: TAK)]
HAUL, DRAG — v tr — *log(a)-, *lugra-/logra- [LUK #2]
HEAT (UP) — v tr — *bornada-; *(u)ruida-; *úranna- [#(M)BUR; UR / RUY] : *úranna- obviously relies on the attested noun/verb pair suil / suilanna- (a frequentative verb á la Lat. -ūtāre ?)
HOBBIT-, OF/FOR HALFLINGS — adj — *periadhren [< perian]
HOLLOW — adj — *ump/omp [OS *umpʰè/umpʰa < CE *uŋkʷi/uŋkʷā (cp. Etym:369)]
HOPEFUL, OPTIMISTIC — adj — *amdireb [OS *ambatiripa < AM #2; TIR]
HORSE-, OF/FOR HORSES — adj — *rochren [ROK]
HOW, IN WHAT WAY — interr — *mân [< CE *manen] : cp. e.g. glân, thôr (< OS *tʰoron; Ety:353 sim.)
ILLUMINATE — v tr — *cele(i)dia- [OS *kalatia- < KAL-AT] : cp. egleria-
IN EXCHANGE FOR — sui *ndanan(t)/*adant/*ndambyl an/en- [NDAN; AT #2; AN (in Q anna); BEW (see FAVOUR above)]
INDIVIDUAL — n — *erphen, *erdir [ER; KWE-N; NDER]
INNER, INTERIOR — adj — *maid (OS *mitia); *enaidh (OS *enedia); *ne-hadren/?-sadren (OS *ne(d?)-satrina) [MI-T; E-NED; SAT]
INSPIRE — v tr — *nethan- {netheni-n}, *ne-thanna/-thenia-, *ne(n)-nartha- ['kindle inside/into'; w/ THAN (MR:388, PE17:82)]
INTERESTING — adj — *nauth-adol, -adedui [NOW(O); GAT] : 'thought-seizing'
'INTERNATIONAL' — adj — *athrarnadren [< arnad]
INVISIBLE — adj — *pen-gen(ed) (cf. PE17:145), *ugenn(en), *udírad [PEN; UGU; KEN; TIR] : with #3 cp. uluithiad ; also note *archened by D.S.
JOIN, CONNECT — v — *go-iad-, *iathra- [YAT]
JUDGE — v — *badh(a)-, [*bedhia-] [BAD]
JUMPER, LEAPER — n — *cebedir; *cab-or, -ron [KAP]
KEY — n — *padol, *panu (< *panw- < *patmā = Etym:400) [PAT]
KILL, MORTIFY — v — *ngortha-; *fernada- [ÑGUR (: NOR, ORO); PHIR] : the a-affection as in #1 is shown to happen by toltha- (TUL)
KISS, MOUTHING — n — *go-/ath(ra)-bídh [OS *-peide < CE *-pegdē < PEG (: NEG, SNAG)]
KNEE — n — *ochod / *obod (or *echuig etc. < dual á la Ety:368) [Gn. octha (Qe. okka) < OQO-¹] : cf. Gn. leptha = S lebed ‖ ¹ here updated as *OKH, *OK-W, also to contrast 1950's OK(O)
LACK, ABSENCE — n — *peneth, *peni(a)n, *pîn [PEN (#3 per REN)]
LADYLIKE — adj — *hírillen; *rodellen [< híril, rodel]
LATE: OF LATE HOUR — adj — *thínui [THIN]
LAUGH: MAKE SB LAUGH — v tr — *gladhwa- [G-LAD (PM:359) per PE22:148]
LEADERSHIP, (BEING IN) CHARGE — n — *conoth, *connas (OS *kondasse) [KON to lead (PE17:113)]
LEGENDARIUM — n — *nerni [OS *narniie < NYAR (: SAR)]
LENGTH — n — *andred [AN-AD] : cf. pathred
LICKER — n — *lavron {m}; *lavril, *loveth {f} [LAM; #3 < OS *lǭmittʰa]
LIE (HORIZONTALLY) — v intr — *cae(n)a- [KAY (cp. KUY)]
LIGHT OF WEIGHT — adj — *athchal, *athal [ath- + KHAL] : #2 per Gateway §§ 15.17., 15.21.
LINK, JOIN — v tr — *(go)liv(a)-, *(go)limma- (pp *limmen) [LIM (cp. KOM, TAM)]
LIQUID — adj/n — *púleb; *síreb [#PUL; SIR (cp. PHIR, WJ:387)]
LOCAL — adj — *sadren [SAT]
LOOK FOR, SEEK — v tr — *abthor- {abtheri-n} [(A)PA; THUR #2¹] : ¹ whence Q minaþurië "enquiry", þurië "Suchen"
LOOKOUT, Beobachtung — n — *palan-, hae-diri(e)n, -dirith [PAL; KHAY(A); TIR (+ v.n. suffixes)]
LUNAR — adj — *ithillen [< Ithil]
LYING (DOWN), LOCATION — n — *caeth, *cae-(n)ad, -ned, *coe [KAY (: WEG, KOY/KUY, KHAY, NAY/WAY)]
LYRICIZE, EXPRESS OR EQUIP WITH WORDS — v tr — *pethra- [cp. gwathra- "to over-shadow" = Fi. *varjo(i)ta-]
MAGNIFY — v tr — *mb(e)leitha- [(M)BEL-EK] : cp. Gn. belectha-
MARKET — n — *mbachras [OS *mba(ñ)kʰrasse < MBAKH] : a sound-historically parallel attestation is nadhras "pasture"
MASOCHISM — n — *naegnilith [NÁY-AK; NDIL]
MEAL, SINGLE DINING — n — *math, *maud, *mant [OS *mat-sa, -se; *mǭt- (: BAD); *mantʰe < MAT]
MEANING — n — *henianneth; *(ad)ind, *adbent [KHAN; ad-; ind; KWET]
MEDICAL INSTRUMENT — n — *athol/athradang [HATH; ANGĀ]
MEMORY (THE FACULTY) — n — (ad-, go-) *renu, *rennas [REN (OS *-wa, *-dasse : KHAN)]
MESSENGER — n — *pethgyl [peth + cyll] : contraction of final consonant = Gateway p. 189
METALLIC — adj — *tingren [TIÑK]
MISERABLE — adj — *naeth-eb, -ob [< naeth] : Gn. naithol (LT1:250)
MISUNDERSTAND — v tr — *dýchenia- [DEW; KHAN]
MITHRIL, OF ~ — adj — *mithrillen [< mithril]
MONEY — n — pant; !panad [< Early N pant] : #2 i.o.t. distinguish from the lookalike adj. pant "full"
MONTHLY — adj — *(il)raunui [IL; RAN]
MOTHERLY — adj — *emellen; *nanethren [< emel, naneth]
MOTHER TONGUE — n — *mbarphaeth [MBAR; paeth "speech" (PE17:126)]
MOTIVE, CAUSE — n — *carf; *caew (< *kaʒmā) vs. *caeth [KYAR; KAƷ]
MULTIPLY, MAKE NUMEROUS — v tr — *laewada-; *remmada- [LI; RIM]
NAME, SUBJECT TO A TITLE — v tr — *enethra- [cp. gwathra- "to over-shadow" = Fi. *varjo(i)ttaa]
NASAL — adj — *nemren [< nem]
NAYSAYER — n — *avad-ben, -lon [< avad]
NECESSARY, OF COMPULSION — adj — *mboeadren [MBAW (Salo p. 113); -ren]
NEGATIVE — adj — *avadren (pro "Salo-esque" *avadiel) [ABA]
NIGHTLY, NOCTURNAL — adj — *dawen; *fuinui [DOƷ; PHUY]
NOBILITY (syn. of HONOUR) — n — *(a)rodred; *arthred [< adj. arod/raud; arth]
NORTHERNER — n — *forodlon [PHOR (cp. PE17:141)]
NOUN, Hauptwort — n — *esbeth [ES; KWET] : after Finn. nimi-sana ‖ an attested -(S)S+P- result is lass-pelin > lasbelin
NURSERY GARDEN / SEEDLING-JAR / TOP SOIL — n — *tuist [TUY (: RUY)]
OBTAIN; COME UPON — v tr — *tov(a)-, *tufra-/tofra- [TUB #2 (in Q tuv-, same form as 1917's Qe. tuvu-, Gn. tû- "take, receive, get")]
OLD AGE — n — *iaured/ióred [YA-R (: KHAY)]
OPINION, SUPPOSITION — n — *cídad, *(†)cîn [< CE *keitat-, *keinē < KEY]
ORDER, COMMAND; LEAD — v tr — *hesta- [KHES]
OUTSIDE, EXTERIOR — n — *eth(-u, -ad) /'eθθ-/ [OS *ette/etse, *ettume, *et(ta)-sat- < ET; SAT]
OWN, PRIVATE — adj — *gwîr (II) [OS *wīra < (E)WE (PM:340)]
PASS, BE TRANSIENT — v intr — *hia-/góchia-; *gó-gel-/-hir- [#1 < OS *skʰīa- < CE *skʰeja- < SKEY; #2 < (A)WA + KEL/SIR]
PAST, Vergangenheit — n — *gwenwi [OS *wanwiie < WAN (cp. Arda Philology #1 p. 91)]
PATIENT, Genesender — n — *athran/athal; *ndinestad, -ben/-lon [HATH; #nesta-]
PAUSE, BREATHER — n — *sest, *sedhian-eg [#1 < OS *sesta < SED+tā (cp. SYAD)]
PERFECT — adj — *trevain [< bain]
PIERCE, GO THROUGH — v tr — *tresta- [TER-ES]
PIERCED — adj — *menc/trevenc [MIK (: STAK)]
PIERCING — n — *mengeth, *trestanneth [MIK; TER-ES]
PILE UP — v — *haetha-/gochaetha-, *haena-/gochaena- [KHAG (: MAG, YAG/SKAR)]
PLAN — n — *nirias [NIR] : 'a string of intentions'
PORTABLE — adj — *athgol [ATHA; KOL]
PRAY — v tr — *heinia- vs. *heivia- [KHYAM (Q hyam-); cp. PE17:163]
PRESSING, STRESS — n — *thaedh [< CE *tʰagdē < THAG (: SNAG)]
PRINCELY — adj — *ernillen [< ernil]
PRONOUNCE, SUBJECT TO VOICE — v tr — *glimra- [cp. gwath-ra- "to over-shadow" & Fi. äännä- < ääni "voice"]
PROPERTY — n — *garnas vs. *safnas [GAR vs. SAM]
PROTECTOR — n — *caur; *sodron (*sothron) [OS *kauro < KAW; *sotro(ndo), *sotʰro(ndo) < SOT]
QUARRELSOME — adj — *coth-war, -weg [KOT(H)]
REASON, CAUSE — n — *horon, *ochor, *min-chor; *cara-dol(f)¹ [OS *kʰoro(ndo); *O-KHOR (WJ:414 sim.); KYAR (: SYAD, TYAL); OS *tulma "event" (= Q, PE22:124)] : ¹ qq.v. Gateway § 15.32.
REJOICE — v — *glasta- [GALAS]
RELATIONSHIP, LINKAGE — n — *livias [LIM (cp. KHOP, TIL)]
RELUCTANT — adj — *avadren/avadui [< avad < AB(A) (cp. NETH, BOR-ÓN)]
REMAINDER — n — thar-lefn (pl. ~ath), *-levor (OS *lem-re, -ro); *eno-chern (OS *-kʰirna); *(a)darth, *tre-dharth [THAR; LEB/LEM; KHIR; AT(AT); DAR]
REMEMBRANCE — n — *reneth [REN]
REMIND — v tr — *(ad)rentha- (nth, nh, nn) vs. *redhra-, ('~ about [+Len.] to sb [+prep.]') *rennada- [REN (PM:372)]
REPORT — n — *gwîth (OS *wītʰe/i), *gweth-ed, -ian/-rad [(G)WETH (PM:395)] : remembering phonetically similar roots HATH, RUTH
REQUEST / BESEECH — v — *meg(a)-, *meitha- [#MEK (in Q mecin "please / *I beseech, entreat"] : #2 is possible in light of REK, TEK
RESTRAINT, DETAINEDNESS — n — *habas/hebi(a)n, *hafneth [KHAP]
RETURN — n — *ndanduluth [NDAN; TUL]
ROSE-, OF ROSES — adj — *merillen [< meril]
RUSH — v — *alcha- [ÁLAK (cp. EREK)]
SAGEWOMAN — n — *ithril [IS (cp. SLAS)]
SAME: IN THE ~ WAY — adv — *iviol [< *imiǭl- < *imjāl- : ER]; *na 'ochaewen [OS adj. *wokʰaimina] [IM; WO; KHIM]
SANCTITY — n — *aered [< aer (cp. haer-ed)]
SAVIOUR — n — *edregnir, *edreithor [OS *etrektʰ(e)-ro] vs. *edreithron [OS *etrektʰe-ro(ndo)] [ET; REK] : with #2 cp. maethor, a K-final-root derivation from a later period than Early Noldorin eithron (PE13:143, 158)
SCRIPTURE — n — *teithian [OS *tektʰian-]; *tenc [OS *teŋkʰa] [TEK]
SECURE, SAFE — adj — *údalt, *althalt; *pedh-raes, -rach(ad) [#1, #2 = neg. of talt "slipping, insecure" (Ety:390)]
SEER — n — *cendir, *cedhron/cenethron {m}; *cendis, *cedhril/cenethril {f} [KEN (cp. MEL, MBAD, ONO, etc.)]
SEPARATE — v tr — *eithia- [HEK (cp. LEK)]
SERVICE — n — *bŷl, *bewed, *buiad(-eg, -el) [#1 < OS *beule < BEW (: DEW)]
SHARPEN — v tr — *(m)aegra-; *(m)aegada- [OS *(m)aikra- (cp. KWAT), *(m)aikata- < MIK / ÁYAK]
SHELTER, PROTECTION — n — *cau(v-), *caust [OS *kauma, *kausta < KAW (PE17:108)]
SHORTEN — v tr — *thethra- [< adj. thent : cp. KWAT]
SHOVEL — n — *sabol/sebil [OS *sap-la/-ilė : MAK], *samp [CE *sapmā], *saeth [OS *sapto/tʰo : (KI)RIS] [#SAP (in Norn-habar)]
SHOW, CAUSE TO BE SEEN — v tr — *cennada- [OS *kennata- < KEN (cp. TAK)]
SIMILAR — adj — *gothiol, *gothiadui [WŌ; THĒ]
SIZE, LARGENESS — n — *daered [DAY (cp. PE17:25, 147)]
SLAYER, BANE — n — *ndaethor, *ndegil [NDAK]
SLAYING — n — *ndaeth [< OS *ndak-tʰa, -tʰe < NDAK (cp. NAK, NOWO)] : alternatively *daeth from a root variant DAK in light of PE17:131
SMILE — n — *rae, *raethir, *gelthir [OS *raio < RAY(A); STIR (formerly THĒ); GYEL]
SMOOTHEN — v tr — *pathra(da)- [PATH]
SNOW: IT SNOWS — v impers — *gluich/glosta vs. *rhaich/rhista [OS *glohia/glosta(h-) (G-LOS); *r̭ihia/r̭ista(h-) (SRIS)]
SOLE (OF FOOT OR SHOE) — n — *badol [BAT (cp. NAK)]
SOUTHERNER — n — *haradlon [KHYAR (cp. PE17:141)]
SOWER — n — *redhron [RED (: BAD)]
SOWING — n — *redhi(a)n [RED]
SPACIOUS — adj — *sad-war, -wor [SAT (: KAT)]
SPEAKER — n — *paeth-or, -ron, *carphad(r)on {m}; *paethril {f} [PAKAT; KARAP]
SPELL-COMPONENT — n — *lûs [CE *luksē < LUK]
SPIDERLY, OF/FOR SPIDERS — adj — *ungollen [< ungol]
SPIRITUAL — adj — *faeren [PHAY]
STAY, LINGERING — n — *darath [< OS *darattʰe < DAR] : see also /DWELLER/
STILL, ADHUC — adv — sui/be vrûn
STONE, THROW STONES AT — v tr — *gondra- [cp. gwath-ra- "to over-shadow"]
SUNNY — adj — *anor-eb (-on, -ui) [< Anor] : q.v. Salo, "Gateway" pp. 169-170
SUPPORT, AVAIL; ?COMFORT (cp. LT1:270) — v — *godolcha- [TUL-UK] : cp. the stock of ER-EK, NAR-AK + the name Tolchas (VT46:20)
SWALLOW — v tr — *lhog(a)- {pres 3 sg. *lhôg} [SLUK] : assumed a "Mixed Class" verb (with a regular preterite) like N gar(a)-, lhod(a)- (Ety:370, VT45:29)
SWEET; GRACIOUS — adj — *gliss-en; -eb [(G)LIS (: GLOS)]
SWEETEN; ENGRACE — v — *glista- [(G)LIS]
SYMBOLIC — adj — *taithren [TEK]
TAKEN PORTION — n — *maes [OS *mapsa < MAP]
TEAM OF HORSES — n — *gwaroch [WO; ROK]
THAT, daß — conj — *ian (subordinate word → contraction of /aː/); *(e)di; *ial / il [*-l(l)ō] [#1 < CE *ja-nen, -nă (Inst, Dat)] : #2 < the possible reading of di ai (VT44) as Conj. + Impersonal Subject; cp. #3 with Q mal (Finnish mutta / että) and Sanskrit
THERE IS, ONE FINDS — v impers — *hair (II); (pen) hîr; *naif [#1 < OS *khiria < KHIR; #3 < OS *nebia/nibia] : per Ety. pp. 372, 396 ‖ also note a possible distinct pl. impers. pattern *(a)en hirir, *î(r) hirir (cf. VT50 / message)
THING, FACTUALITY vs. EXISTENCE (q.v.) — n — *êw {pl. *îw} [OS *eŋw- < CE *eŋm- < EÑ (: TEÑ)]
THINKER — n — *nauthron, *sandir/sanathron {m}; *nauthril, *sandis/sanathril {f} [NOWO; SAN]
TICKLE — v tr — *tisga-/tesga- [< *TISIK / Gn. tisca- 'id.' (PE11:70)]
TOOL/MEANS OF REPORTING — n — *gwethol [(G)WETH] : also cf. tachol and Q tantila, rantala (< CE *ranthlā)
TORTURE, TORMENT — v tr — *mbalcha-, *mbaulanna- [ÑGWAL]
TRANSLATE, BRING ACROSS — v tr — *thardog- [OS *tʰaratuki- < THAR (#1) + TUK]
TRAVELLER, JOURNEYMAN — n — *lendir [OS *lendendīr(o)]
TREAT COLDLY, SUBJECT TO COLDNESS — v tr — *rengla- [RIÑG (: MBAW)] : an a-affected form, per Ety:396 (UB)
TROLL: OF ~S — adj — *torogren [< torog]
TWENTY-TWO — num — *uivinib [ui- + minib "11"] : cp. Q yu-rasta = "24" (PE14:17)
UNTIL — prep/conj — *aden [< *atene < *aténes < TEN (cp. TEL)]
VALARIN — adj — *Baladhren [< Balan]
VALIË — n — *Balaneth [BAL]
VALUABLE, WORTHY — adj — *meru [MIR (in Q mirwa)]
VILLAGE- — adj — *gobellen [< gobel]
VOWEL — n — *ûv, *úvan(d) [OM] : cp. Q óma, ómand-
WAIT FOR, AWAIT — v tr — *annartha- (vs. dartha an); *a(n)chadh(r)a-; *adh-reth- [an- + DAR, KHAD, RETH]
WANDERESS — n — *randis/ranathril [RAN]
WARM, CAUSE TO WARM UP — v tr — *laugra-; *laugada- [LAW (Etym:368)]
WARMTH — n — *laug-as, -(r)ed [LAW (Etym:368)]
WAYFARING, WANDERING — n — *ranath (: WAN), reniad(-eg, -el) [RAN]
WEAPON, 'ARM' — n — *esgar, *escar [SKAR] : sth. by which wounding happens; cp. SKAL #1, estel — vs. a descent from EK + SKAR
WEEK — n — *od(o)gor [OS *ot(o)kaure] [OT-OK; AR/UR] : cp. Etym. pp. 368-9
WEIGHT, HEAVINESS — n — *longred/lung(red) [LUG] : *lung < OS *luŋgu/luŋgw- — cp. e.g. pend < *pende < PED
WELCOME, RECEIVABLE — adj — *nath [< *nattʰa < *nathnā : PATH], *nathlan, *(an-, mae-)nathui [NATH]
WET, MAKE WET — v tr — *mesgada- [MISIK]
WHEN, AS — conj — *toe(b) vs. *taw/tó î(w) [OS *tǭ-i(a), -ī̆pa < CE *tā jā, tā ī(kʷā) (Q í, íqua "when"); (#2) CE *ta(a)-se ī-se (Q írë, ?ier)] : cp. Q tá, yá & tárë
WHISPER — v tr — *lhosta- [SLUS] : cp. ES > esta- (and other S-final roots)
WINDY — adj — *súleb; *gwaew-eb, -ui [SÛ; WAIW]
WINTERLY, WINTER- — adj — *rhíwen [SRIW] : cp. aew-en, taw-en
WISH — v — *iesta- [YES]
WITH-NAME, FAMOUS — adj — *eneth-(i)on, -wor [< eneth] : cp. adj. thonion
WOMB — n — *mûn [OS *mūna < MŌ(-N)] : alternatively -vún, compounded with a front-element which means "mother" or "female"
WRITER — n — *tegnir, *teithor [OS *tektʰ(e)ro] {m}; *tegnis, *teithien [OS *tektʰiene] {f} [TEK; NDER; NDIS] : with #2 cp. maethor of parallel phonetic background
Appendix: Reconstructed (pre-1940's) Doriathrin words
[ *adhin/andin npl. "gate(s)" (< AD) ][ *bann/banu adj. "beautiful" (< BAN) ][ *belo n. "individual strength" (< *belwē) ][ *bior n. "vassal, servant" (< BEW) ][ *cair num. "ten" (< KAYAR) ]
[ *cant num. "four" (< KAN-AT) ][ *caron/+cō̆r n. "doer" (< KAR) ][ *cweng n. "bow" (< *kwingā) ][ *eneg num. "six" (< E-NEK) ][ *foron n. "north" (< PHOR) ][ *gengu adj. "sickly" (< GENG) ]
[ *gôn n. *"male part/phenomenon" (< ƷAN) ][ *gwadhu adj. "shady" (< WATH) ][ *gwailin adj. "surrounded" (< WAY) ][ *hadhum n. "launcher(y)" (< KHAT) ][ *handor n. "caster" (< KHAT) ]
[ *hodhu adj. "crowdy" (< KHOTH) ][ *hoss n. "crowd, host" (< *kʰotsē) ][ *iavra- v. "produce" (< YAB) ][ *ield n. "daughter" (< YEL) ][ *iugnir/iungor n. "user" (< YUK) ]
[ *iuron n. "courier" (< YUR) ][ *lass¹ n. "babe" (< *lapsē) ][ *lē̆b n. "finger" (< *lepā) ][ *liss n. "sand" (< *litsē) ][ *neld num. "three" (< NEL-ED) ][ *nodhum n. "count-with" (< NOT) ]
[ *oss/odog num. "seven" (< OT-OS/-OK) ][ *puil n. "cleanness, purity" (< POY) ][ *rast num. "twelve" (< RÁSAT) ][ *ring-il/-ol¹ n. "coldness" (< RING) ][ *róm(al) n. "wing" (< RAM) ]
[ *sain/sair adj. "bitter" (< SAG) ][ *sulch n. "(edible) root" (< SULUK) ][ *talm n. "flat land or surface" (< TALAM) ][ *tingor n. "scribe" (< *tenkro) ][ *tiron/tirn(ir) n. "guard" (< TIR) ]
[ *tiro/tirth n. "watch-shift/watch-duty" (< TIR) ][ *tolth num. "eight" (< TOL-OTH) ][ *trôg n. "horn" (< TARÁK) ][ *ulph/lumbor n. "horse" (< *olpu, *lompro) ][ *ū̆m n. "voice" (< OM) ]
¹ These phonoevolutionary results co-rely on attestations and derivational suffix-use from the closely-related 'Ilkorin' language in The Etymologies (viz, pp. 349, 396).
Telerin ⋮ ————
BEARER, CARRIER; WEARER — n — *coll-ë, -o, *cōlo [KOL (: TOL, BEW; KAN, TUR)]
BIG, LARGE — adj — *polla [= Q polda]
BLESS — v tr — *mania-/manta- [MAN (: (G)LAN, VT42:8)]
BLOOD — n — *ser(e)cë [SEREK (: KALAK, KYELEP)]
CLIMB — v — *raþa- [RATH (: HATH)]
CLIMBER — n — *raþaro/radro [RATH (: ATHA, HATH)]
COUNSELLOR — n — *vohōro, *vohorpen [WO; HOR (: KAN, TUR); KWE-N]
DAUGHTER — n — *sellë/yellë [SEL / YEL]
DESIRE, LONG FOR — v — *id-/ida- {*idin I want} [ID (per PE22:165 / PM:359)]
DRINKING — (v)n — *yul-utā/-atā [YUL (per PM:347, PE22:137)]
DRY — adj — *parca [PARAK (: STALAG, ULUG)]
ENCHANT — v tr — *lucta- [LUK (per WJ:365)]
ENCIRCLING, SURROUNDING — adj — *pāla [PEL]
ENCOUNTER, FACE-TO-FACE — n — *nembë [NEB (: LAB, DUY)]
EVERY — adj — *ilia [= Q ilya]
EVERYTHING — pn — *ilpa [IL; KWA]
FALL (DOWN) — v — *danta- [DAT/DANT]
FAR, ACROSS A DISTANCE — adv — *hai, -ad [KHAY]
FISH — n — *scala [SKAL]
FLOWING, RUNNING — adj — *cāla [KEL]
FLYING (ACT OF ~) — (v)n — *vil-itā/-atā [WIL (per PM:347, PE22:137)]
FOREST — n — *tavar, -ë [TÁW-AR]
FRIDAY (IN NÚMENOR) — pr n — *Balania [= Q Valanya]
-FUL, -OUS — adj suff — *-imba/-impa [= Q -inqua (cp. PE17 vs. Rausch)]
GOLDEN-LIKE — adj — *glavarya [GLÁW-AR]
HAND (syn.of mapa) — n — *camb-a, -ë [KAB (per WJ:394, 416)]
HEAVY — adj — *lugna [LUG (per VT42:10)]
ICE {ICY} — n {adj} — *helcë {*helcaia} [KHELEK (: KALAK, KYELEP)]
INSIDE: INTO ~ — adv/prep — *mid(a) [MI (per WJ:367, PE21:76)]
LAUGHTER — n — *glāda (< *glādā), *glastë (< *glad-dē, -tē), *gladatā [G-LAD]
LET-LOOSE, FREED — adj — *senna [SEN]
LIFTING (TO STAND), EXALTATION — (v)n — *halatā [KHAL (per PM:347, PE22:137)]
NAKED — adj — *scella [SKEL]
ONCE, AT ONE TIME — adv — *nāya/naia [= Q néya, nëa]
ORGANIZED, ORDERLY — adj — *panna [PAN]
PRESSING DOWN, PRESSURE — n — *stattë/fattë [< CE *stagdē/thagdē < STAG/THAG (per PE19:92)]
PRESSURE-BIRTHED SUBSTANCE, THING — n — *statta/stāda/fatta (< *stagdā/thagdā); *stā/fā (< *stāgā/thāgā) [STAG/THAG (: SNAG; KHAG; RIG)]
REST — v intr — *sed- {impt. *seda! (per WJ:362)} [SED (: PE22:165)]
RIDDLE — n — *inincul(a)/incul(a) (*'what can be guessed and reguessed') [INIK (: TAK)]
SECRET, OBSCURE(D) — adj — *dulla [(N)DUL]
SHORT (+ LIMITED; CONFINED ?) — adj — *stenna [STEN]
SOLAR YEAR, ÆLFWINE'S YEAR — n — *lava [= Q loa]
SOUL, INDWELLING SPIRIT — n — *faia [PHAY (CE phaja, MR:470)]
STAIN, SOIL — v tr — *vatta- [WAƷ (: MAƷ, VT47:6) or VAG]
STRIVE — v — *ricta- [RIK (: HEK, WJ:365)]
SWIMMER — n — *luntro [LUT (: KWET, PE18:50)]
TIME-CONSUMING, LONGLASTED — adj — *tigna [< TIG (: LOG)] : tigna is actually an attested but unglossed word from c. 1920; after 1950 it would likely govern the meaning given here, in light of T adj. log-na and the Q vb tinga- 'durare'
TOOTH — n — *nelcë [NELEK (: KALAK, KYELEP)]
TORTURE — n — *e/umbal-ë, -iatā [ÑGWAL (per WJ:383 + VT41:8)]
TOUGH, STIFF — adj — *targa [TÁRAG (: STÁLAG)]
TREE-; TUESDAY (IN NÚMENOR) — attrib adj; pr n — *gallaia [GALAD]
WAR — n — *oc(o)ta [= Q ohta]
WELCOME — v — *naþa- [NATH (: HATH)]
WELCOMER, GUEST-HOST, RECIPIENT — n — *naþaro/nadro [NATH (: ATHA, HATH)]
WET — adj — *limbi [= Q linquë (cp. PE17)]
WIND — n — *sūl(ë)/sūr(ë) [SŪ/SUR] : per KWAR + T lūmë, ōrë ; CE -i > T -ë sec. VT48:24
Westron ⋮ ————
ALDERMAN — n — #(r)unag [< Thorunahim] : a defensible extraction if Westron also sports an element #tho(r)- = Gnomish bo- ('son of, Mac-')
DARLING, SWEETHEART — n — *izr-a, ?izz-a, -e¹ [< Ad. izrê] : cf. W emma from Ad. ammê ‖ ¹ Ad. Subjective Form descendant, per the etymology of Cat. fe (< FĒNU)
DEEP — adj — *zalc ~ *nulc [< Gn. dolc (< *nd-)] : cp. balc (Gn: PE11:21; W: PM:320) and Ad. ZAY'N, ZA, NAR (= ND- roots in Eld.) ‖ also guessable is the pp. *phur(n)in "dolven" [< PHUR]
DWELLING — n — *dûku(n) vs. *dukup [< #DUK-] : 'sth which one inhabits'; cp. W phu(u)ru- (Möhn: phûrun [WoW p. 84]) "where delving happens", galap "a thing played"
EAGLE — n — *narka; *narald(a) [#1 < Ad. *narkan (Subj.) or *narkô(n)] : see ELF below
EAR — n — *huz-a-n, -r [z / r] [< Ad. huzôn (Subj.)] : cp. Orel, "Handbook" pp. 30, 164, 181, 359; -a(n)/-ar < *-ōn : De B. Moll, "Catalana" (1952) § 19
EASTERN — adj — *azûli [< ZUL] : the obvious counterpart of W adûni (PM:316) = OSax. westrōni — cp. the names and nouns in PM:51 with an intervocalic /z/ & common Ibero-Romance azul < Ar. lāzuward-
ELF — n — *nem(b)ra / *nembar [< Ad. nimran (Subj.)] : per the most probable origin of W orka "Orc" (PE17:47), given its a-affected root vowel (cp. Ad. uruk, Subj. urkan); #2 = Orel, "Handbook" p. 404
ENCLOSURE, YARD — n — *bâm(a) / *zaphad- [< Q panda / PAD] : see HAIR ‖ /b-/ : BAN (Eld. PER); zV+ < ZI-MIR [whereas zadan may be = Qe. san or a 'karab/lobor' type of metathetic derivation from Gn. ind(os) / "y-n-d" ]
EVERY, EACH — adj — *kat(t-), *kâth-a [< Ad. kâtha] : #1 = Words of Westernesse p. 99
GOLDEN, OF GOLD — adj — *pharza-n, -l [*pharz- vs. *pharr-¹] [< Ad. pharazôn] : Old West Germanic -a < PGerm. *-ō(n) — postvocalic, word-final Ad. /-n/ either possibly survived in W similar to the stems of -à adjectives in Catalan (in W razan ?), or (in the case of Ad. /-ôn/) it actually became the adj. suffix -(a)l / dialectal -(a)r [similitude in OSp.] ‖ ¹ compare Orel, "Handbook" pp. 38, 94
GRIND vs. BE GROUND — v (refl?) — *p(h)olg- [< Early Eld. MULU] : á la W. bolg- "to swell" = BULU/PULU
GUARDED — adj/pp — *tudnin (*tunnin) [< TUD] : the passive participial counterpart of active *tudald(a) / *tûda in light of Karnin-gul "Rivendell"
HAIR (SINGLE) — n — *sîm(-a), -ë [< Qe. & Q findë] : based on the equations sakal = Q falassë (UT), mûm-(ak) = Q mund-(a) (Ety:372)
HEAVY — adj — *brutti (*bruddi) [< Ad. burud-] : also cp. KAR'S, Words of Westernesse p. 105
LENGTHY, EXTENSIVE — adj — *nîr(-a), *nêr(-a) [Eld. TAY] : csd. Ad. nakh- = TUL, W. zîr- = SAY(-rā) and PGerm. *-aira-z > OSax., OHG -ēr (Orel p. 153) ‖ one may also expect a descendant of an Ad. pp. stem *(a)nazzad- [zz/ww &c.] (Q. taita-(i)na, -nwa, taina)
MOUNTAIN — n — *ruttu [< dialectal stem of Ad. urud] : cf. W ruccu "a bear" < urug-
NIGHT — n — *hloim / *hlôm(-a) [ô pro uo] [< Ad. lômi-n (Subj.) vs. *lômê] : cf. W uir < Ad. ûri-; W emma from Ad. ammê and Cat. -um < -ūmen (De B. Moll, "Catalana" [1952] §§ 106, 436)
OTHER, ANOTHER — adj — *t(h)az-i, -a(n) [<< KES, KHY-] : csd. thar(a)n (= KAN-AT), Ad. thâni (: Q kén-, Qe. kē̆mi), tapuc (<< KAP?), W & Ad. /z/ (= Eld. /s/, /j/ : A-YAR)
OUR, OUR OWN — poss pn — *-na, *nâw(a), *nêva [< Ad. #nê(n), *nê-vô, -v-ôn] : per the sound-history of Old West Germanic; cf. the attested forms -ha and keva in TT17
PULL, DRAW — v tr — *kur- / *hur- [< Eld. SAK] : via sound-switchings imitating the equation PHUR (?< *(u)pʰuz-¹) = Eld. SAP ‖ Ad notam: /k/ and /p/ are phonetical "siblings", both being voiceless stop consonants ‖ ¹ vs. *phuk(h)ur-
SEVEN — num — *hast- / *har(a)t- / *herit [< Ad.] : per the phonoevolutionary model of Continental West Germanic (*razd- etc.), tempered by W thar(a)n- "four"
SNOUT — n — #mûm(a) [< mûmak] : cp. (1940's) Q mundo, -munda
STRAIGHT, DIRECT — adj — *zind(a), *zint [< Ad. izindi]
SWORD — n — *zâr vs. *zag(ar) [< Ad. zagar] : cf. W zîr- < zigir- (Words of Westernesse p. 119); however, intervocalic /g/ before /a/ may well survive, as in Catalan & related (llaga, roga-) — indef. Nsg. *zag (with stem *zagr-) per PGerm. *dagaz > OSax. dag ?
WIFE, SPOUSE — n — *ban(an)th-a, -e [< Ad. banâth] : a parallel evolutionary form is aranth-a, -e ("queen", TT17:37)
WING, PINION — n — *lem(ma,mi), *lum(ma,mi), *lâph- [< Gn. ram and CE *rāmā] : per Gn. mam = W emma (MORÓK = Ad. _urug); Gn. nal = W #gul; Eld. RÁY-AK = Ad. #LAW'KH; etc.
Black Speech ⋮ ————
FIR; PINE — n — *skag(-î) [< Qe. súk-ë 'id.'] : cp. Orc. #bag = Qe. múk-o
(IN)TO — ppos — *-(g)uzu/-gûz [< ANA]
THING — n — *snat(-û) (vs. *snût) [< (M)Q nat]
THROW, HURL — v — *krant- (vs. *krunt-) [< KHAT]
WHISPER; RUSTLE — v — *skahsh- [*SK-H-SH < S-L-US, slussē)] : cp. skai (= Q sië ?), hai (= Q lië), etc.
Isolatable Black Speech suffixes
#-ai equatable with Q. -ië (lië, Ad. lâi = B.S. hai)
#-ak in the name Ufthak; given the LotR plot-point, one is greatly tempted to liken this to a passive participle or a "being somewhere" type of adjective, be it that the uf-part in the Orc-name seems rather traceable
#-b- seen in some transitive verbs (durb-); possibly = Q. -ya-, or indicates a strengthened action
#-(o)b *(especially) persons of X characteristic (glob, *Shîlob) — sound-comparison would indeed align this suffix with Q. -ima, -(i)mo, but it is apparently usable of feminines as well
#-og at the moment assumed to be an adjectival ending often equivalent to Q. -da — a hypothesis also augmented by the description of Azog in LotR Appendix A (since in many languages like Finnish, "tall" and "long" are the same word)
#-(o)l an agental suffix in Gorgol (translated as "Butcher", LB:350)
#-(o)sh an adjectival ending (per Tolkien's translation of Saruman-glob búbhosh in PM:83); in light of #ronk "pool", this suffix might also correspond (Orc-colloquially) to Q. -issë as a variant of *-ish (Grish- < (KI)RIS?)
#-(u)g (1) denotes artificial achievements like lûg (also appears fittingly in nazg); (2) a possible plural marker for nouns : -(u)g, 3rd-Age *-(u)gh [Q. -ar, -or], vs. an infixed -u- (< golug) — another plausible Npl. suffix being #-(u)l / -(i)l (< nazgûl, a plural noun and hence possibly a contraction from *nazg+gûl-Vl; cp. the plural suffix in múmak-il and cubud-il [PM:59])
#-ûk "all (of); -ful"; also forms adjectives (which can be used as names, like Uglúk) as the apparent equivalent of PE *-ikwā and its variations
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