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Icelandic Nouns


S T R O N G


+------------------------+
| ms-1 ................. |
| -s/-ar; -ar [AGpl -a] .|
+------------------------+
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| ... | N ..... | A .... | G ..... | D ..... || Npl ... | Apl .. | Gpl .. | Dpl ... |
|-----+---------+--------+---------+---------++---------+--------+--------+---------|
| -S .| farmur .| farm . | farms . | farmi . || farmar .| farma .| farma .| förmum .|
| ... | söngur .| söng . | söngs . | söngvi .|| söngvar | söngva | söngva | söngvum |
| ... | dagur . | dag .. | dags .. | degi .. || dagar . | daga . | daga . | dögum . |
|-----+---------+--------+---------+---------++---------+--------+--------+---------|
| ... | læknir .| lækni .| læknis .| lækni . || læknar .| lækna .| lækna .| læknum .|
| ... | skór* . | skó .. | skós .. | skó ... || skór .. | skó .. | skóa . | skóm .. |
| BUT | mór* .. | mó ... | mós ... | mó .... || móar .. | móa .. | móa .. | móum .. |
|-----+---------+--------+---------+---------++---------+--------+--------+---------|
| ís- | stóll . | stól . | stóls . | stól(i) || stólar .| stóla .| stóla .| stólum .|
| ... | hrafn . | hrafn .| hrafns .| hrafni .|| hrafnar | hrafna | hrafna | hröfnum |
|-----+---------+--------+---------+---------++---------+--------+--------+---------|
| NN .| morgunn | morgun | morguns | morgni .|| morgnar | morgna | morgna | morgnum |
| ... | akur** .| " .... | akurs . | akri ...|| akrar . | akra . | akra . | ökrum . |
| LL .| jökull .| jökul .| jökuls .| jökli . || jöklar .| jökla .| jökla .| jöklum .|
|-----+---------+--------+---------+---------++---------+--------+--------+---------|
| -AR | skógur .| skóg . | skógar .| skógi . || skógar .| skóga .| skóga .| skógum .|
| ... | matur . | mat .. | matar . | mat ... || -*** .. | - .... | - .... | *a > *ö |
| ... | Spánn . | Spán . | Spánar .| Spáni . || ....... | ...... | ...... | ....... |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Def | ~inn .. | ~inn . | ~ins .. | ~num .. || ~nir .. | ~na .. | ~nna . | um>unum |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Long type a nouns: /peningur/ 'piece of money, coin, (in pl) money', /bæklingur/ .|
| .... 'leaflet, brochure', /tölvupóstur/ 'e-mail', /tilgangur/ (sg only) 'purpose' |
| ................................................................................. |
| * Like /stól-l/, /ís/ is /bjór/ 'beaver; beer' (NADsg), with reg pl stem /bjór-/! |
| ** Other r-final ms1 that take this paradigm are /farangur/ 'luggage' (sg only!), |
| .... /sigur/ 'victory', /hamar/ 'hammer; crag, cliff' and /Baldur/ 'Baldr'. ..... |
| *** No pl forms -- hence e.g. for 'breakfast meals' use ms-3 /morgun-verðir/. ... |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 1) Memorize also henceforth the case complements of basic PREPOSITIONS: ......... |
| .... /frá/, /af/ +D 'from, of, off' - /til/ +G 'to, up to' - /handa/ +D 'for' - . |
| .... /á, í/ +D 'at, in' [D = static, A = dynamic : /á/ +A 'onto', /í/ +A 'into'!] |
| 2) /á/, /hjá/ +D are attimes used for possessive 'of' (for clarity, inanimates). .|
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+


+--------------------------------+
| ms-2 ......................... |
| -s/-ar [D -ø/-i]; -ir [Apl -i] |
+--------------------------------+
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| ... | N .... | A ... | G ..... | D ...... || Npl ... | Apl .. | Gpl .. | Dpl ... |
|-----+--------+-------+---------+----------++---------+--------+--------+---------|
| ... | dalur* | dal . | dals .. | dal .... || dalir . | dali . | dala . | dölum* .|
| ... | leikur | leik .| leiks . | leik ... || leikir .| leiki .| leikja | leikjum |
| ... | bekkur | bekk .| bekks, .| bekk, .. || bekkir .| bekki .| bekkja | bekkjum |
| ... | ...... | ..... | bekkjar | +bekki . || ....... | ...... | ...... | ....... |
|-----+--------+-------+---------+----------++---------+--------+--------+---------|
| ... | guð .. | " ... | guðs .. | guði ... || guðir . | guði . | guða . | guðum . |
| ... | sár #2 | sá .. | sás ... | sá ..... || sáir .. | sái .. | sáa .. | sá(u)m .|
| ... | bær .. | bæ .. | bæjar . | bæ ..... || bæir .. | bæi .. | bæja . | bæjum . |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| * of G /-ar/ subtype (here ms2 because Dsg = Asg) are /[mis]munur/ 'difference', |
| .... /staður/ 'place', /klókskápur/ 'shrewdness'; {/j/-stem} /drykk-ur/ 'drink' .|
| .... (Gsg -jar), /vefur/ 'web; tissue; [cq.] internet' - another ms-3 Nominative |
| .... lookalike, /markað-ur/ '[financial] market' has Gsg either /-s/ or /-ar/. . |
| /Her/ 'army' retains the /-r/ as part of the stem : Gpl /herja/, Dpl /herjum/ .. |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+


+--------------------------------------+
| ms-3 ............................... |
| -ar; -ir : sg+pl Umlaut/stem change .|
+--------------------------------------+
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| .. | N ....... | A ..... | G ....... | D ...... || Npl ...... | Apl ... | Gpl ... | Dpl .... |
|----+-----------+---------+-----------+----------++------------+---------+---------+----------|
| .. | köttur .. | kött .. | kattar .. | ketti .. || kettir ... | ketti . | katta . | köttum . |
| .. | son(ur) . | son ... | sonar ... | syni ... || synir .... | syni .. | sona .. | sonum .. |
|----+-----------+---------+-----------+----------++------------+---------+---------+----------|
| .. | háttur .. | hátt .. | háttar .. | hætti .. || hættir ... | hætti . | hátta . | háttum . |
| .. | ás 'god' .| *ás ... | áss [irr] | *æsi ... || æsir ..... | *æsi .. | *ása .. | *ásum .. |
|----+-----------+---------+-----------+----------++------------+---------+---------+----------|
| .. | fjörður . | fjörð . | fjarðar . | firði .. || firðir ... | firði . | fjarða .| fjörðum .|
| .. | ......... | ....... | ......... | ........ || .......... | fjörðu .| ....... | ........ |
| .. | söfnuður .| söfnuð .| safnaðar .| söfnuði .|| söfnuð-ir .| -i .... | -a .... | -um .... |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Some a(2) /o/-nouns do not umlaut in pl -- e.g. /[val]kostur/ 'alternative' (Npl /-kostir/). |
| Type c /fatnað-ur/ 'apparel' is mostly regular (Gsg -ar) -- umlaut only in Dpl /fötnuðum/. . |
| /kostnaður/ 'expenses, costs' is sg. and has forms in the sg. only (reg; Dsg /kostnaði/). .. |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+


+-----------------------+
| ms-4 / Rogue items .. |
| -ur/-ar/-s ; -ur (-ø) |
+-----------------------+
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| ... | N .... | A .... | G .... | D .... || Npl .. | Apl .. | Gpl .. | Dpl ... |
|-----+--------+--------+--------+--------++--------+--------+--------+---------|
| ... | faðir .| föður .| föður .| föður .|| feður .| " .... | feðra .| feðrum .|
|-----+--------+--------+--------+--------++--------+--------+--------+---------|
| ... | fótur .| fót .. | fótar .| fæti . || fætur .| " .... | fóta . | fótum . |
| ... | vetur .| vetur .| vetrar | vetri .|| vetur .| " .... | vetra .| vetrum .|
| ... | maður .| mann . | manns .| manni .|| menn* .| "* ... | manna .| mönnum .|
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| * Irregular def. Npl mennirnir, Apl mennina (Gpl mannanna, Dpl mönnunum). ... |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------+


+--------------------------+
| fs-1 [2 in Glendening] . |
| -ar/-r; -ar/-r ......... |
+--------------------------+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| ... | N ..... | A ...... | G ....... | D ...... || Npl ...... | Apl . | Gpl ... | Dpl .... |
|-----+---------+----------+-----------+----------++------------+-------+---------+----------|
| ... | laug .. | " ...... | laugar .. | laug ... || laugar ... | " ... | lauga . | laugum . |
| J;V | stöð .. | " ...... | stöðvar . | stöð ... || stöðvar .. | " ... | stöðva .| stöðvum .|
|-----+---------+----------+-----------+----------++------------+-------+---------+----------|
| ING | setning | setningu | setningar | setningu || setning-ar | " ... | -a .... | -um .... |
|-----+---------+----------+-----------+----------++------------+-------+---------+----------|
| ... | helgi . | " ...... | helgar .. | helgi .. || helgar ... | " ... | helga . | helgum . |
| ... | kví ... | " ...... | kvíar ... | kví .... || kvíar .... | " ... | kvía .. | kvíum .. |
| ... | brúður .| brúði .. | brúðar .. | brúði .. || brúðir ... | " ... | brúða . | brúða .. |
|-----+---------+----------+-----------+----------++------------+-------+---------+----------|
| á . | spá ... | " ...... | spár .... | spá .... || spár ..... | " ... | spáa .. | spám ... |
| ... | stó ... | " ...... | stó(a)r . | stó .... || stó(a)r .. | " ... | stóa .. | stóm ... |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Def | ~in ... | ~ina/una | ~innar .. | ~i/u-nni || ~(ar-)nar .| " ... | ~nna .. | (u)m>unum|
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Other items: {a1} /vél/ 'machine', /leifar/ (pl only) 'leftovers'; {b} /kúpling/ 'clutch', |
| .... /spurning/ 'question', /undantekning/ 'exception'; {d1} /skrá/ 'list, program; lock' .|
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+


+------------------------------------------------+
| fs-2 [1 in Glendening] ....................... |
| -ar; -ir : Nsg -un, Gsg -unar > NApl -anir ... |
+------------------------------------------------+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| ... | N ..... | A ...... | G ....... | D ..... || Npl ..... | Apl . | Gpl .... | Dpl ..... |
|-----+---------+----------+-----------+---------++-----------+-------+----------+-----------|
| rás | hurð .. | " ...... | hurðar .. | hurð .. || hurðir .. | " ... | hurða .. | hurðum .. |
| töf | höfn .. | " ...... | hafnar .. | höfn .. || hafnir .. | " ... | hafna .. | höfnum .. |
| ... | fortíð .| " ...... | fortíðar .| fortíð .|| (tíðir) . | (") . | (tíða) . | (tíðum) . |
|-----+---------+----------+-----------+---------++-----------+-------+----------+-----------|
| ... | kvittun | " ...... | kvittunar | kvittun || kvittanir | " ... | kvittana | kvittunum |
| ... | pöntun .| " ...... | pöntunar .| pöntun .|| pantanir .| " ... | pantana .| pöntunum .|
| ... | þróun . | " ...... | þróunar . | þróun . || *þróanir .| " ... | *þróana .| *þróunum .|
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Nouns ending in /-úð/ (/búð/ 'shop', /íbúð/ 'apartment') follow the type a paradigm, as do |
| .... longer fs-2 such as /heimild/ 'permission' & /tónlist/ (older /hljómlist/) 'music'. . |
| Polysyllabic a2 include e.g. /bið-röð/ 'line, queue' (Gsg /-raðar/, Npl /-raðir/). ....... |
| Longer b2 umlauts mimic /skamm-stöfun/ 'abbreviation' (Gsg /-stöfunar/, Npl /-stafanir/). .|
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+


+-------------------------------------------+
| fs-3 (4) ................................ |
| NApl -ur/-r (Compare with ms-3 & ms-4.) . |
+-------------------------------------------+
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| ... | N .... | A .... | G ..... | D ..... || Npl ... | Apl . | Gpl ... | Dpl .... |
|-----+--------+--------+---------+---------++---------+-------+---------+----------|
| ... | hönd . | " .... | handar .| hönd .. || hendur .| " ... | handa . | höndum . |
| ... | ...... | ...... | ....... | hendi . || ....... | ..... | ....... | ........ |
|-----+--------+--------+---------+---------++---------+-------+---------+----------|
| ... | tá ... | " .... | táar .. | tá .... || taer .. | " ... | táa ... | tám .... |
| ... | brú .. | " .... | brúar . | brú ... || brýr .. | " ... | brúa .. | brúm ... |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| ... | nótt* .| " .... | nætur* .| nótt(u) || nætur . | " ... | nótta . | nóttum . |
|-----+--------+--------+---------+---------++---------+-------+---------+----------|
| ... | dóttir | dóttur | dóttur .| dóttur .|| dætur . | " ... | dætra . | dætrum . |
|-----+--------+--------+---------+---------++---------+-------+---------+----------|
| ... | kýr .. | kú ... | kýr ... | kú .... || kýr ... | " ... | kúa ... | kúm .... |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| * NADsg /bók/ 'book' has Gsg /bókar/ -- hence it is typically classified as fs-3. |
| .... Of same subtype are /rót/ 'root' & /við-bót/ 'addition' (NApl /-bætur/). ... |
| .... Vocalically unchanged throughout is NADsg /sæng/ 'bed' (NApl /sængur/). .... |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+


+----------------------------------+
| nt ............................. |
| NApl usually identical with NAsg |
+----------------------------------+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| ... | N ..... | A ... | G ...... | D ..... || Npl ... | Apl . | Gpl ... | Dpl .... |
|-----+---------+-------+----------+---------++---------+-------+---------+----------|
| ... | barn* . | " ... | barns .. | barni . || börn* . | "* .. | barna . | börnum* .|
| hné | tré** . | " ... | trés ... | tré(i) .|| tré ... | " ... | trjáa . | trjám .. |
|-----+---------+-------+----------+---------++---------+-------+---------+----------|
| ... | meðal . | " ... | meðals . | meðali .|| meðul . | " ... | meðala .| meðulum .|
| ... | sumar . | " ... | sumars . | sumri . || sumur . | " ... | sumra . | sumrum . |
|-----+---------+-------+----------+---------++---------+-------+---------+----------|
| ... | kvæði . | " ... | kvæðis . | kvæði . || kvæði . | " ... | kvæða . | kvæðum . |
| ... | ríki*** | " ... | ríkis .. | ríki .. || ríki .. | " ... | ríkja . | ríkjum . |
| ... | ský ... | " ... | skýs ... | skýi .. || ský ... | " ... | skýja . | skýjum . |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Def | ~(i)ð . | ~(i)ð | ~ins ... | ~nu ... || ~(i)n . | ~(i)n | ~nna .. | um > unum|
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Umlauting a1 items include /barn/ 'child', /far/ 'ride, lift', /fjall/ 'mountain', |
| .... /hvarf/ 'disappearance', /magn/ 'amount', /nafn/ 'name', /netfang/ 'URL', ... |
| .... /safn/ 'collection; museum', /sím-tal/ 'phone call' and /sjón-varp/ 'TV'. ... |
| .................................................................................. |
| Important plurale tantum neuters are /föt/ 'clothes' (a1: Gpl /fata/), /skær-i/ .. |
| .... 'scissors', /vísind-i/ 'science' & /réttind-i/ 'right(s)' (all c1: Gpl /-a/). |
| .................................................................................. |
| * A trisyllabic umlaut example is /folald/ 'foal' : NApl /folöld/, Dpl /folöldum/. |
| ** /hlé/ 'pause, break, rest' has regular Gpl /hléa/, Dpl /hléum/ (Dsg /hléi/). .. |
| *** So also /tæki/ 'device, instrument', /öryggi/ 'security; fuse' -- plus a few . |
| .... consonant-finals similar to /sker/ 'rock (reef)' : NApl /sker/, Gpl /skerja/. |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+


W E A K


+---------------+
| masculine ... |
+---------------+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| ... | N ..... | A ...... | G ..... | D ..... || Npl ..... | Apl .... | Gpl ... | Dpl ..... |
|-----+---------+----------+---------+---------++-----------+----------+---------+-----------|
| ... | kjallari| kjallara | " ..... | " ..... || kjallarar | kjallara | " ..... | kjöllurum |
| ... | líkami .| líkama . | " ..... | " ..... || líkamar . | líkama . | " ..... | líkömum . |
| ... | kennari | kennara .| " ..... | " ..... || kennarar .| kennara .| " ..... | kennurum .|
|-----+---------+----------+---------+---------++-----------+----------+---------+-----------|
| ... | einyrki | einyrkja | " ..... | " ..... || einyrkjar | einyrkja | " ..... | einyrkjum |
| ... | bandingi| bandingja| " ..... | " ..... || bandingjar| bandingja| " ..... | böndingjum|
|-----+---------+----------+---------+---------++-----------+----------+---------+-----------|
| ... | lesandi | lesanda .| " ..... | " ..... || lesendur .| " ...... | lesenda | lesendum .|
| ... | bóndi . | bónda .. | " ..... | " ..... || bændur .. | " ...... | bænda . | bændum .. |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Def | ~nn ... | ~nn .... | ~ns ... | ~num .. || ~nir .... | ~na .... | ~nna .. | um > unum |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Useful type a words : /hluti/ 'part, share', /hraði/ 'speed', /fjöldi/ '[large] number, .. |
| .... Anzahl' (sg only), /gluggi/ 'window', /[minnis]listi/ 'memoranda', /skóli/ 'school', .|
| .... /gemsi/ 'cellphone'. Polysyllabic non-compounds umlaut like /kastali/ (castle : Dpl . |
| .... /köstulum/), /kennari/ (teacher : Dpl /kennurum/) & /líkami/ (body : Dpl /likömum/). .| 
| .......................................................................................... |
| 1) Wm with /-a/ even in Nsg, e.g. /herra/ 'master, sir' follow pattern a1/2 -- as do ones .|
| .... ending in /-gi/, /-ji/ instead of /-ngi/ : /ol[n]bogi/ 'elbow', /mótherji/ 'opponent' |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+


+--------------+
| feminine ... |
+--------------+
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| ... | N .... | A .... | G .... | D .... || Npl ... | Apl ... | Gpl ... | Dpl .... |
|-----+--------+--------+--------+--------++---------+---------+---------+----------|
| ... | gata . | götu . | " .... | " .... || götur . | " ..... | gatna . | götum .. |
| ... | - .... | - .... | - .... | - .... || buxur . | " ..... | buxna . | buxum .. |
| ... | kona . | konu . | " .... | " .... || konur . | " ..... | kvenna .| konum .. |
|-----+--------+--------+--------+--------++---------+---------+---------+----------|
| ... | kirkja | kirkju | " .... | " .... || kirkjur | " ..... | kirkna .| kirkjum .|
|-----+--------+--------+--------+--------++---------+---------+---------+----------|
| ... | lygi* .| lygi . | " .... | " .... || lygar . | " ..... | lyga .. | lygum .. |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Important fw nouns : /tölv-a/ (Obl -u) 'computer', /skyrta/ 'shirt', /villa/ .... |
| .... 'error, mistake', /vara/ (NApl /vörur/) 'article, (pl) goods', /kart-afla/ . |
| .... 'potato' (NApl /-öflur/), /fjölskylda/ 'family', /Evrópa/ 'Europe' -- also . |
| .... all names of languages, e.g. /íslenska/ 'Icelandic' ........................ |
| ................................................................................. |
| Gpl /n/ often drops for ð-stems, e.g. /staða/ 'position', /umræða/ 'discussion'. .|
| ................................................................................. |
| * Here go some INDECLINABLE nouns, sg ONLY : /elli/ 'old age', /fælni/ 'phobia', .|
| .... /-fræði/ '-logy', /gleði/ 'joy', /lagni/ 'knack', /velgengni/ 'success' .... |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+


+---------------+
| neuter ...... |
+---------------+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| ... | N ..... | A ..... | G .... | D .... || Npl ... | Apl ... | Gpl ... | Dpl ... |
|-----+---------+---------+--------+--------++---------+---------+---------+---------|
| ... | hjarta .| hjarta .| " .... | " .... || hjörtu .| " ..... | hjartna | hjörtum |
| ... | auga .. | auga .. | " .... | " .... || augu .. | " ..... | augna . | augum . |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+


================================================================================================