What would an Esperanto-like but more encompassingly Western European pseudo-koine look like, if it was morphologically more like an actual real-world language, and relied less on Latinate vocabulary and was less uncompromising about Esperanto's "one word-category = one suffix" concept (especially regarding nouns)?







acha, -ng [pl. echai, -ng]    {nn}    outdoor enclosure, yard, pasture [< WGerm. hag- influenced by the word below]
ach(e)r [pl. echir]    {nn}    field, acre
a/odeuther; sidhio(n); gordhio(n)    {adv}    then, after that, afterward(s)
-adrob/v, -athrob/v [pl. -edrÿb/v, -ethrÿb/v]    {suff}    Comparative Adjectives [< CGr.]
a/odvo, dirvo (topical); (i)eil-li (directing gaze)    {adv}    thereat
adentha/o- [inf. -nno]    {vb}    to attempt, try
(a)dha, (a)tha; ge(n); go(d) [/g/ = pre-lenited /c/]    {conj}    that, dass
adh(-unt), ar-ud, -unt    {prep}    (in)to [L ad; Celt. *do] : see the entries ro(n) and -ud/-unt
-ae(n)/-vo; -li/-ri; en(d)-/em-/es-    {suff}    "in, at" Adverbs
-(w)esto [adj. -(w)esdron, -(w)ethron]    {suff/prep}    "in language X" [< CGr. -aïstí, -estí]
aew, -ed [pl. -id]    {nn}    culmination, prime, bloom, zenith, peak (abstr.) [< CGr. akmē]
aldri(w); nungwain    {adv}    never
amloth [pl. emlÿth]; a/ochost [pl. echÿst]    {nn}    leaf
ammar / ommar    {pn}    both
an / ion, ier, ied    {art}    Definite Article, i.e. "the"
andled [pl. endlid]; (o)rost (oroth-) [pl. (e)rÿst]    {nn}    face
andr-ob, -ub [pl. endr-ÿb, -uib]    {nn}    person, human
anech-, ianech- [inf. (i)a/(i)enechien]    {vb}    to endure (physically), survive, hold [< CGr.]
anwenna/o-; bruiga/o-; ussa/o- [inf. -nno]    {vb}    to use, employ
aphna/o (+Cns.), fon (+Vowel); (d)ech, -ud    {prep}    from, out of
[-ar    {suff}    Dual noun (< pare-) = -(i)ent / -(w)aint (< Bret. skevent)]
ara; ró-chod/-bod    {conj}    so that
arav [pl. eraiv]; brâch, avranc [pl. braich, evrainc]    {nn}    arm
arch-an, -nod [pl. erch-ain, -nÿd]    {nn}    shoe [< Celt.]
ardh / iardh [pl. (i)eirdh]    {nn}    wine [< Bsq.]
asgab/ph- [inf. esgeb/phien]    {vb}    to create
astal    {nn}    steel
astor [pl. estÿr]; maureb [pl. moerib]    {adj}    large; great [#2 < Celt.]
[-athno    {suff}    Ablative Adverbs]
athr-a(s), -on; na gemmen/vaus(t); (i)endr-a, -eg    {prep}    behind (Celtic *ke(m)bno-, *māsto- "back, rear")
athrov; cemmenol/mostol    {adj}    rear
a/esgath [pl. esgaith]    {nn}    treasure
a/ethrand [pl. ethraind]; cust, -anc [pl. cÿst, -ainc]    {nn}    shore, beach
au; âuch [pl. oe; ôech]    {nn}    mouth [< Celt. & Bsq.]
audhor [pl. oedhÿr]    {adj}    desolate, uninhabited
âv [pl. avew, aiv]    {nn}    lord, master [< Cat. amo]

(m)baethal- [inf. (m)baethelien]; paea/o- [inf. -nno]    {vb}    to pay
(m)baid, (m)bôd [pl. (m)beidwid, (m)bŷd]    {nn}    boat
(m)bain [pl. (m)beinwid]; (h)athgur [pl. (h)ethgÿr]    {nn}    bone
balchun [pl. -wid]    {nn}    balcony
(m)barn / (m)baran [pl. (m)bern / (m)berain]; teg(e)n [pl. tegin]    {nn}    child
(m)bawa [pl. (m)bewai]    {nn}    ring
(m)ber- [inf. -ien], (m)baera/o- [inf -nno]    {vb}    to carry
(m)berch [pl. (m)birch]; (m)bedul [pl. (m)bedÿl]    {nn}    birch
(m)bilth-ur [pl. -uir, -ÿr]; polthred [pl. pelthrid]    {nn}    image, picture
b/dinnon; dendr-a, -on; parna    {prep}    inside, within
biua/o-, búa/o- [inf. -nno]    {vb}    to live; to dwell
(m)blanchui; leugui; uthrui    {adj}    white
(m)bodrug [pl. (m)bedrÿg]; uv(n)ag [pl. ÿv(n)aig, ûv]    {nn}    grape [#1 < NGmc. & CGr.]
(m)bolo, (m)bolch [pl. (m)belÿ, (m)bÿlch]    {nn}    bag [< Celt.]
(m)bosg [pl. (m)bÿsg]; selv, -ag [pl. silv, selvaig]    {nn}    forest
(m)braetha/o-; contha/o-, conod/th-¹    {vb}    to tell, narrate || ¹ due to -tha- being a reflexive marker : i(o)er-tha-, par-tha-, etc.
(m)braetholt; conthad [pl. centhaid], conod/th    {nn}    story, tale, account
(m)brenga/o-; trasta/o-    {vb}    to bring
brî(th); haes (-s > -th- in compounds)    {nn}    wind [< Bsq.]
brui(o)    {adv}    briefly, in a minute, soon [< L brevī]
burthod (+Dat.); nanchod (+Dat.); (n)dev-/ennev- [personal vb]    {aux}    must, should
(m)buru, (m)burch [pl. (m)bÿrÿ, (m)bÿrch]    {nn}    town

cadangha/o- (d/th) [inf -nno]    {vb}    to break (tr.) [< CGr.]
caera/o-; (h)avra/o-, (h)amra-; achab-    {vb}    to love
caer-eg, -ol [pl. -ig, -ÿl]    {adj}    dear; expensive
cal-a, -ch [pl. celai, ceilch]    {nn}    penis; creative effort or energy [< Celt. *kalg-]
cammer (camra-) [pl. cemmir]    {nn}    room, chamber
canad-, cantha/o-    {vb}    to sing
canav [pl. cenaiv]    {nn}    boy, son, male child
canthov(u)n, cant [pl. centhÿv(ÿ)n, caint]    {nn}    song
câph, agoph [pl. caiph, egÿph]    {nn}    (heavier) box, storage [< Celt. kapp-o-]
carn [pl. cern]; sarch [pl. serch]    {nn}    flesh, meat
carreg [pl. -wid, cerrig]    {nn}    stone; (heavy) load
casd-ov, -un    {pn}    each, every (< CGr. hékast-)
castannui    {adj}    brown
cauba/o-; comra/o- [inf -nno]    {vb}    to buy, purchase
caudheg [pl. caudhig]; tôv/tóv(n)ag [pl. tŷv/tóv(n)aig]    {nn}    book, tome
caves(g) [pl. cevis(g)]    {nn}    head (influenced by Bsq. kasko)
cedher (cedhra-) [pl. cedhir]    {nn}    cedar-tree
celiun [pl. -wid, celiuin]    {nn}    tower, skyscraper [< Gaul. kelikn-]
cengl-un/gengl-un [pl. -uin]    {nn}    knee
c/servaith [sg. only]    {nn}    beer
cew / cui, -ed [pl. cewid / cuiew(n)]    {int/rel pn}    what; that (concept) which
cewanth-ev, -o    {int}    how much? (+Lenition or dos +nn)
cewellen [pl. cewellin]; tardh-as, -os [pl. terdh-ais, -ÿs]; (i)aldras [pl. (i)eldrais]; bradh(w)en [pl. bredh(w)in]    {nn}    evening
cewenc [pl. cewinc]    {nn}    cheek [< WGer.]
-chun, -arch [pl. -chuin, -eirch]; -ov(u)n [-ÿvn]    {suff}    Result-of-Verb Noun [or via Prefix: úl-, úr- (< Breton) +vb stem or vn]
/ enchá; edhvo    {adv}    hereat
cidha; edh-es (avedh/edhren huius) [pl. cidh(a)ir; edhis]    {dem pn}    this
circh-ed [pl. -id]    {nn}    goal, objective [< Celt. kirk-o-]
cistÿn(n-) [pl. -ir]    {nn}    wooden box, chest
clinn-o, [-og]    {adv}    wholly [< NGmc.]
coer/caer [pl. -wid]    {nn}    season [< NTGr. kair- : JMJ p. 84]
colpha/o-    {vb}    to strike, hit
comma/o-; gwen- [inf -ien]    {vb}    to come
comman [pl. cemmain]; theged [pl. thegid]    {nn}    step [#1 < Celt.]
con(t), contha; (im)med    {prep}    with, beside
cosga/o- (c vs. g)    {vb}    to wash (< NGmc. & Bsq.)
costa/o- [inf -nno]    {vb}    to cost
co/cuvra/o- (v vs. m) [inf -nno]    {vb}    to desire, cover [< Celt.]
crissui / (n)grissui [pl. "]    {adj}    gray
crithl-ed [pl. -id]    {nn}    pebble (of gravel) [< WGer. kisil]
crodhwol [pl. credhwÿl]; dusgol / difisgol    {adj}    difficult
culched [pl. cÿlchid]    {nn}    pillow [< Celt./Gaul. kulkitā]
cunghan, cunwan [pl. cÿnghain, cÿnwain]; thagran [pl. thegrain]    {nn}    dog
cunust [pl. cÿnÿst]; arth [pl. eirth]    {nn}    art
cÿn(asga)-; fedhasga/o-; partha/o-    {vb}    to be born
cÿvÿn(n-), gÿvÿn(n-) [pl. -ir]; femm-en [pl. -in]    {nn}    woman

dâl [pl. dail]; ha(u)rand [pl. h(o)eraind]    {nn}    valley
dael(-adh, -ag) [pl. -aidh, -aig]    {nn}    pine-tree [< Gaul. daglā]
(d)an, (d)en (+Vowel); (+Cns.)    {prep}    in; at
dann-ag, -ath [pl. denn-aig, -aith]    {nn}    pinetree [< WGer.]
dant [pl. daint]    {nn}    tooth
daul [pl. doel]; (g)lêd [pl. (g)lîd]; cuin-iav [pl -iaiv]    {nn}    part, share, portion [#1 < Celt. *dāl-]
daur, dangun [pl. doer, dengÿn]    {nn}    day
delia/o-, dalcha/o- [inf -nno]    {vb}    to hold [out ?] [#2 = 'to hold' < (M)Bret.]
dendr-un [pl. -uin]; gwidh-iadh [pl. -aidh, collective gwîdh]    {nn}    tree
derch [pl. dirch]; (m)baeag [pl. -wid, (m)baeaig]    {nn}    berry [#1 < Gaul.; #2 < Bsq. & Occ.]
desd-ren [pl. -rin]    {adj}    right(-hand), on the right
dew(e)r [pl. dewr-ew(n), -aith]; muil [pl. -aith]    {nn}    animal
dil; gon, ion (in adverbs: o(n)-, av-)    {prep}    of (Genitive)
dirdhon; beisi-a, -on; sauda    {prep}    under, beneath
d(i)reith    {nn}    direction
dos(s)    {prep}    All-Purpose Preposition (= Esperanto je)
dosga/o-    {vb}    to honor, favor, side with [< CGr.]
-dov/-deb [pl. -dÿv/-dib]; -ossov [pl. -essÿv]    {adj suff}    Ordinal Numbers
drauth [pl. droeth]    {nn}    trait, quality
drossa/o-, drosta/o-    {vb}    to dip; to baptize [< CGr.]
drung(d)ev    {adv}    aplenty, much [< Celt.]
(n)duir-or [pl. -ÿr]    {adj}    expensive
duith-er [pl. -ir]    {nn}    daughter
dûn [pl. duin]; muin-ub / moen-ub [pl. -ÿb]    {nn}    mass, mound, heap, hill [#2 < Bsq.]
duv(u)n (duvna-) [pl. dÿv(ÿ)n]; mond [pl. mÿnd]    {nn}    world
(n)dÿn- [inf -ien]; (n)dÿnna/o- [inf (n)dÿnnu]    {vb}    to be able, can
(n)dÿnuith [pl. -wid]; (n)dÿnn-ad [pl. -aid]    {nn}    ability
dÿneidha-; echelia/o- [inf -nno]    {vb}    to enable, make capable [#2 << Bsq. ahal]

echiarth [pl. echierth] vs. igraidh [pl. -ew(n)]    {nn}    heart
-(ed)enc [pl. -(ed)inc], -(ad)anc [pl. -(ed)ainc]; -(w)arn [pl. -(w)ern]; -(i)ond/-(i)und [pl. -(w)ÿnd]    {suff}    -orium, i.e. "Place-of-..ing" Noun [#1 < Bsq. -tegi; #4 < Bsq. sutondo]
edest [pl. edist]    {nn}    forehead
eil-es, -eu (N iend) [pl. eil-is, -iw (N ienn(a)ir)]    {dem pn}    that, it
e(i)ria/o-    {vb}    to hinder, prevent [< CGr. (with Glc. erga)]
elt; [countable] eled [pl. elid]    {nn}    fire, flame
elv(ur) [pl. elvuir, ilv]; onnud/dh [pl. ennuid/dh]; pothov [pl. pethÿv]    {nn}    river
em(me)ril [pl. -wid]    {nn}    bucket [< WGer.]
e(m)ph-enc [pl. -inc]; finger = diwed (fingra-) [pl. fingir = diwid]    {nn}    finger
emros(t); iaur(-on, -eg)    {prep}    before, in front of [#1 < CGr. émprosthen; #2 < Gaul. *āre- & Bsq. aurretik]
-end, -and (N); -issen/-isten, -assen/-asten (S); (intr only) -onneg    {suff}    Active Participle [S with the Inf. stem of the vb (ag- > eg- etc.)]
endra-, iendra-; rí-, rý-    {pref}    re-, again [< NGmc.; Lat.]
enerth [pl. enirth]    {nn}    strength, power [< Celt.]
enn, -o; bae, -(n)o    {conj}    than
-eph, -aph; (after -ch, -ph, -th) -ugen, -agun    {suff}    Target-of-Action Noun (i.e. "that which is usually ..ed")
-ern, -ren/-ron (-len/-lon) [pl. -irn, -rin/-rÿn]    {suff}    "At, In, During" Adjective
-erth [pl. -irth], -orth [pl. -ÿrth]; -eg(r) [pl. -ig(r)], -og(r) [pl. -ÿg(r)]    {suff}    Adj./Participle of Transitory Characteristic
-erv, -a/orv    {suff}    "Multi-part Component/Fuel Used for ...ing" Nouns [< Bsq. ikastaro]
esber- / sebra/o-; elpheidia/o-    {vb}    to hope, wish for
-esg / -essog [pl. -isg / -essÿg]    {suff}    "made from substance X" adjectives [< Bsq.]
esgad-ov, -eb [pl. esged-ÿv, -ib]    {adj}    final, last
esgen-ol, -ui [pl. -ÿl, -ui]    {adj}    strange, foreign [< CGr.]
esgla/o- [inf. -nno]    {vb}    to ascend on foot, to climb by walking
esglaph [pl. esglaiph = esgal]    {nn}    stair, stepping-stone
esgwir [pl. -(i)ew, -iaith]; (cad)aegorn [pl. (ced)aegÿrn]    {nn}    squirrel
estel- (esdla/o-)    {vb}    to send [< CGr.]
ethr-ed, esdr-ed [pl. -id]    {nn}    street
eudh-a, -o    {conj}    or
-eulob; -auleb; (m)bawor/duinor ..uith/..aeth [duin- < L -dignus]    {suff}    "-able, -ible" Adjectives
-ev (-dev, -thev); -antho/-onnui    {suff}    Adverbs of Quantity
-ew(n), -iew(n); -(i)aiv    {suff}    Regular Plural of 'Male Animate' Nouns

faeth [pl. -wid]    {nn}    fact
fan- [vn. fanuith]; fanna/o- [inf fannu]    {vb}    to fare forth, walk (intr.) [< WGer. *fanûī]
far- [inf ferien]; ionga/o-    {vb}    to go
fath(ra/o)-; comren-, comrenna/o- [inf comrennu]    {vb}    to understand
favna/o-    {vb}    to embrace
feu(ch)-ant [pl. -aint]    {nn}    escapist; refugee
fiadl(-en, -ub) [pl. fiedl(-in, -uib)]; orvont [pl. ervÿnt]    {nn}    mountain
flommen [pl. flemmin]; (n)gunth-am [pl. -aim]    {nn}    flood
fond-rad, -rod [pl. -raid, -rÿd]    {nn}    depth, profundity
fonga/o-, fengia/o- [inf -nno]    {vb}    to get, obtain
fordhon(na)- / sÿngdhon(na)-    {vb}    to forgive
forn-ol, -ui [pl. fernÿl, "]    {adj}    ancient
foss-ub, -awab [pl. fess-uib, -ewaib]    {nn}    waterfall
frath- [inf. frethien]; frasta/o- [inf -nno]    {vb}    to utter, pronounce [< CGr. fraz-]
freg(ia)-; riuntha/o-    {vb}    to ask, inquire, seek an answer
fremma/o- [inf. -nno]    {vb}    to promote, put forth, cause to go forth (tr.)
freutha/o- [inf. -nno]    {vb}    to be able to go, get forward, move forward (intr.)
fruith-or; fruidh-or [pl. -ÿr] / uphrui    {adj}    cold
fuirio(n); eithon    {prep}    outside, beyond

(n)gammol, (n)gommol [pl. (n)gemmÿl]    {adj}    old, senior [of animates; in contrast to tha(u)chor "old" (of abstracts, items)]
ganad [pl. -eu, genaid]    {nn}    boy [< Celt.]
ganath [pl. genaith]; nesgÿn(n-) [pl. -ir]    {nn}    girl [#1 < Celt.; #2 < Bsq.]
(g)annor / hannor [pl. (g)ennÿr / hennÿr]    {adj}    (an)other; second
garthur / iarthur    {nn}    responsibility, care [< Bsq.]
(n)gathas [pl. (n)gethais]    {nn}    salt [< Bsq.]
(n)gauthor [pl. (n)goethÿr]; a/omrov [pl. emrÿv]    {adj}    good
genuith / (n)ginnaeth [pl. -wid]    {nn}    birth, genesis [Lenition of /g-/ >> /j-/ = "y-" ?]
(n)gerr-ad [pl. -aid]    {nn}    war, conflict
(n)gev-; donia- / ródha- [inf. -nno]    {vb}    to give
(n)gídh-un [pl. -uin] / -an [pl. -ain]    {nn}    'dude', fellow, individual [< Bsq.]
gion-uth [pl. -ÿth pro -uith]; iara/iarch [pl. ierai/ierch]; uphuth [pl. ÿphÿth]    {nn}    light, brightness [#2 < Bsq.]
(g)larvolt, (g)lavrad    {nn}    (making of) noise, noisiness
(g)laud [pl. (g)loed], -olt/-ad    {nn}    praise, commendation
glêd [pl glîd]    {nn}    section; area of the body etc.
(n)glein-iag [pl. -iaig]    {nn}    hen
(g)leph-ed [pl. -id]; (g)lethw-as (mt. < -φt-) [pl. -ais]    {nn}    moment, minute [< Gr.]
(g)lesta/o- [inf. -nno]    {vb}    to read
(n)glûth, ongloth [pl. (n)gluith, englÿth]    {nn}    tongue
(n)godhia/o- [inf. -nno/u]    {vb}    to drive = steer
(n)golthui; avrellui [pl. "]    {adj}    yellow
(g)onost / ionost (-st > -th-)    {nn}    ship, large boat [< Bsq.]
gortha/o-, gorod/th-    {vb}    to lift, raise [< Bret., Bsq.]
(n)gorwain / iorwain, len gestern    {adv}    yesterday
(n)graudi; (a)esger, (a)esgrad    {nn}    thank-you
(g)reupha/o-, (g)reutha/o-    {vb}    to belch, burp
(n)grib-enc, -weph [pl. -inc, -wiph]    {nn}    handle
(n)gûth [pl. (n)guith]    {nn}    voice
guiwath [pl. guiwaith]; ionthed [pl. ienthid]    {nn}    seagull [#2 < Bsq.]
gÿn-wadh [pl. -waidh]    {nn}    female (creature)

gwagor [pl. gwegÿr]; a/omrov [pl. emrÿv]    {adj}    beautiful (by sight & by character, respectively)
(n)gwair (Acc. gost; Dat. go(ssu)nt); S nuiech (Acc. nost)    {pn}    we (Nom.) [= verbal subject -i(u)m/mh, -om/mh] : {gosson/r, S nosdren} our(s)
gwar- (gwarra/o-); (n)deura/o-; (g)rauna/o- [inf -nno]    {vb}    to go on, last, 'take'
gwass/th, gwâs/th [pl. gwais(s)/th]    {nn}    servant [< Celt.]
gwaur [pl. goer]    {nn}    springtime
gwech-er, -ur (gwechra-)    {nn}    grass [< Celt.]
gweiria/o- [inf. -nno]    {vb}    to protect, guard
gweng [pl. gwing]; uinub [pl. uinÿb]    {nn}    way; means
gweng(w)ÿn(n-) [pl. -ir]; thidh-iur [pl. -iuir]    {nn}    path [#1 < Ger.; #2 < Bsq.]
gwe(n)thuil / gwe(n)thur [pl. -wid]    {nn}    vehicle (< Bret. gwetur)
gwerdhui [pl. "]    {adj}    green
(n)gwerth [pl. (n)gwirth]    {nn}    verse
gwesber [pl. gwesbir]; adarth/tardh(o) [pl. edairth/terdh(ÿ)]    {nn}    evening
gwes(s), -on; caba; ianant/ialther    {prep}    toward(s)
gwest-ern; nist-ern [pl. -irn]    {adj}    left(-hand), on the left
gweug-as [pl. -ais]    {nn}    week
gwidh- / gwedh-; or- / aura/o-; lauga/o-    {vb}    to see, view, look at
gwidhia-; gó-/hag(a)-widh(ia)-; laugia/o-    {vb}    to show, give (cause) to see
gwigra/o- [inf. -nno]    {vb}    to fight [< Celt.]
gwil-, gwella/o-; nach- [inf. na/nechien]    {vb}    to want, desire, will
gwîn [pl. gwin-iew]; muigan [pl. muigain]    {nn}    friend, confidant
gwinidhiag    {nn}    friendship
gwissa/o-, gwista/o-; sab- [inf sebien]    {vb}    to know

h(a)ern [pl. ", hirn]; (m)burdh    {nn}    iron; tool made of iron
hannon; aliend    {prep}    beyond
haphuil / hephuil [pl. -wid]    {nn}    cutting-tool, shortblade [<< Frk. *happ-ija]
hav- [inf. hevien]; hevia/o- [inf. -nno]    {vb}    to exist [< IRmc.]
hêg [pl. hîg, heg-wid]; a/esbath [pl. esbaith]    {nn}    sword [#1 < OFri.]
hest-ur [pl. -uir]; march, -an/-ur, -ÿn(n-) [pl. merch, -ain/-uir, -ÿnir]    {nn}    horse
(h)imm-ant [pl. -aint]    {nn}    strap, (single) lace [< CGr.]
himmel (himla-); enev [pl. eniv]    {nn}    sky, heaven
hn/tnaur [pl. hn/tnoer]; (n)garn [pl. (n)gern]    {nn}    yarn, thread, string
hodh-(w)ed, -en [pl. hedh-(w)id, -in]    {nn}    cloud [< Bsq.]
huida/o- vs. haeda/o-    {vb}    to call, name
huidhôe    {adv}    today [/-o:e/ < /-ije:/]
huisga/o- [inf. -nno]    {vb}    to bring up, mention [< L. hīsc-]
hunver [pl. hÿnvir]; iommed [pl. iemmid]    {nn}    dream
hur(u)th [pl. hÿr(ÿ)th]    {nn}    thicket, grove [< WGer.]
hwarthui; dummui; nengrui [pl. "]    {adj}    black
hwilch(en) [pl. hwilch(in)]; (Ger. 'was') thaer, thoer    {rel pn}    which, that
hwilia/o-, c/huila/o-    {vb}    to keep still, remain, stay

-ia/o- [< *-(a)ja-] (enforced with pfx. gó-/hag(a)-); -óda- (< Bret. -aat); e/anga- (+inf.)    {suff}    Causative Verb ("to have/cause/make sb to..")
iachl-an, -un [pl. iechl-ain, -uin]    {nn}    molar [< NGmc.]
-i(a)ev-od; -adh-ed (= -ant)    {suff}    Past Tense 3rd Singular (in conjugations A and B, respectively)
ianw-adh [pl. -aidh], ianwÿn(n-) [pl. -ir]    {nn}    soul, (individual) spirit
iaul [pl. iolwid, ioel]    {nn}    clear spot, glade [< Gaul./Celt.]
-idhiag (-uidh)/-audhin/-(ch)aedh vs. -daw, -thaw, -thas [from Nouns]; -or(w)ÿn, -ol(w)ÿn, -uidh(ÿn) [from Adj stems]    {suff}    -ness, -ity, -hood (Abstract Noun) [-daw etc. < Bsq. -tas(s)un; -o/elwÿn < L indolēs (etc.)]
iegna; condra    {prep}    against, versus
-ien(nu)    {suff}    Infinitive ending of Root Verbs [< L -iendum ad]
iennon    {prep}    through, via (= dui, -a < *dijá [CGr.])
iertha/o-; (n)gin-, (n)ginna/o-    {vb}    to become; to happen
ieu    {pn}    I, me (Nom.) [= verbal subject -i(e)mh/-ich, -omh/-och] : {emmi(-v)} me; {emmi-r} to/for me; {min, mevui} my, mine
-im(men); -am(men)    {suff}    "Usually Measurable Product or Result from ..ing" Noun
-innog/-widren [pl. -innÿg/-widrin]; -anneg/-odren [pl. -ennig/-edrin] (r vs. w)    {suff}    Passive Participle
ioera/o- [inf. -nno; pres 3sg ioer(od)]; (m)ag- [inf. (m)egien; pp (m)agov/(m)eginnog]; faetha/o-    {vb}    to do, make
(io,o)go; hew, hed(o)    {conj}    and
io/ielpha/o-; a(i)udha/o-; sochorra/o-    {vb}    to help, aid, assist
iongadaw; leuchadaw    {nn}    past, Vergangenheit
iorch, ioroch [pl. ierÿch]    {nn}    buck, male deer [< Gaul.]
-ir    {suff}    Regular Plural for Animate Nouns of Female Sense
isgla/o-    {vb}    to divide, separate
isgriv-; (n)graph- [inf. (n)grephien]    {vb}    to write
istes [pl. istis]    {pn}    same
iund [pl. -wid]    {nn}    place, stead, room

ladra/o-; clemma/o-, cleutha/o-    {nn}    to steal
langassov [pl. lengessÿv]; lenth-or, -ov; modol [pl. medÿl]    {adj}    slow
lavrent [pl. levrint]    {nn}    maze
le/lÿchav [pl. le/lÿchaiv]    {nn}    body [< NGmc.]
-(l)eg, -(r)eg, -(w)eg; -ol/-or    {adj suff}    "Compound Noun Element" Adjective (sem. = Lat. -ālis/-āris, -īnus, etc.)
le(n); n(d)ae    {prep}    at, on (Time)
lenga/o-, lag(ra/o)-; ponia/o-    {vb}    to put, place
lesga/o-; maeda/o- [inf -nno]    {vb}    to please, make fond [< CGr. arésk-; Bsq. mait-]
leth-(w)eg, lew-(n)eg [pl. -(w)ig, -(n)ig]; sagavleg [pl. segevlig]    {adj}    light in weight
leudha/o-    {vb}    to sound
lidhia ~ gridhia (+Lenition)    {adv}    very [< CGr.]
lig-, lich- [pres 3sg -i(e)d]    {vb}    to be located
(g)linn-aph/(g)lenn-aph [pl. -aiph]; manthel; (peu)roch; (jacket) ulph(-ag, -an)    {nn}    cloak, mantle, coat [#1 < Celt.]
lo/lumm-a, -on; nâ dheurad, deuronna    {prep}    during [#1 < OFri. alomme, alumbe]
luig(on); (os)son    {prep}    like, in the manner of
luphurn [pl. lÿphÿrn]    {nn}    fox

lhaun(i)a/o-    {vb}    to fill [< Celt.]
lhe(i)gia/o-; lamma/o-, lammig-    {vb}    to lick
lhunvo; ethelon    {adv}    faraway

, massunc [pl. meiwid, messÿnc]    {nn}    arable field(s), farm
mae, -lo    {aux}    don't [< Gr.]
mammel [pl. memmil]; a/ongost [pl. engÿst]    {nn}    breast
mannur [pl. mennÿr]; anwir/gÿwÿr [pl. -(i)ew]    {nn}    man
mant [pl. maint, du. manthar]    {nn}    hand
mauder, modrÿn [pl. maudir]; ammer [pl. emmir]    {nn}    mother [#1 < Gaul.]
maul / mâl; leng-u, -wen    {nn}    language
mauned, minnas [pl. moenid, minnais]    {nn}    month
maur [pl. -uid, moer]    {nn}    grandeur, size; fame, renown [< Celt. & Ingv.]
mê(d); [gwidhra;] pel, -(l)on; ub    {prep}    by, with, using (Instr.)
megil [pl. -wid]    {nn}    stick
meil-(l)ui, -vod    {adv}    preferably, rather
meir/maer; ceuchiev    {adv}    more
mêl    {nn}    honey
mellon    {prep}    between
mendrev    {adv}    less
meng-ui, -or; mult    {adj}    many, several; (multhev) much
men(t); mes(so); edhe, -n    {conj}    but
menwa/o-, meneltha/o-    {vb}    to realize, understand [< Celt.]
mesgl-ad, -aeth    {nn}    mixing, mixture, mix
minna/o-; lemra/o-; (i)orwista/o-    {vb}    to remember, recall
misg(on), mesg(on)    {prep}    among, amid(st) [< Celtic *misk-]
monn-ol(w)ÿn, -audhi    {nn}    solitude, loneliness
monvod    {adv}    solely, alone
morwain; manwain    {adv}    tomorrow
mosga/o- [inf. -nno; adj. mosg-onneg/-orth]    {vb}    to be or get drunk [< Bsq.]
muin    {nn}    substance
mussa/o-, musta/o-    {vb}    to kiss
muss-eg [pl. -ig]    {nn}    music
mÿnt, nummÿnt [pl. mÿnthuid]    {nn}    coin

-na-; -asga-/-assa-    {suff}    Reflexive Verbs
nâd [pl. naid]    {adj}     (fig.) path, course, move; factor, variable [< NW vågnad]
naer(a); prosgon    {prep}    near, close to
naerna/o- [intr.]; naeria/o-, prosgerna/o- [tr.]    {vb}    to approach, draw near; go near
naeth; cónuith [pl. -wid]    {nn}    night : {-ren} nocturnal
nathrech [pl. nethrich]    {nn}    snake, serpent
naudheg [pl. noedhig]; ness-eg [pl. -ig]    {adj}    necessary
naugev; (d)avunn-ev    {adv}    enough [adj. naug, -orth]
nei; gaw (gú); chí    {adv; intj}    not, no
neltha/o- [inf. -nno]; ostog- [inf. ostegien]    {vb}    to touch
nemra/o-; prenna/o-; ramma/o-; (h)eira/o-    {vb}    to take, keep for oneself
nenthin    {prep}    against = upon, touching
neston/naeston; cassui/casdev    {adv}    almost, nearly
no(n)chod [pl. ne(n)ch-ÿd/-oed]; libu [pl. libÿ]    {pn}    something
nommen [pl. nemmin]    {nn}    name, title
nordh, north    {nn}    north
    {adv}    now
nuia/o- [inf. -nno]    {vb}    to bow; to sink [< Far.]
nu/noldr-a, -on    {prep}    beyond
nûn [pl. nunwid, nuin]    {nn}    noun [< Gaul. anuan-]

och(u)l (ochla-) [du. ochl-ar/-ent; pl. echuil]    {nn}    eye
ochon; iost, -a; prosg(on)    {prep}    beside, next to [-on vs. -aid for Prepositions of Place]
ôes(t); cidhent    {nn}    west
-o; -(l)ui, -(r)ui; -vod (regr. < -vodh < -modō)    {suff; prep}    Adverbs of Manner
[od- >] oth-    {pref}    forms Reflexive or Reciprocal Verbs (< Breton -aat); cntr. Causative suffix -auda/o-, -óda/o-
od(o)hor/ossar [pl. -wid, ed(e)hÿr, essair]    {nn}    basket [< Bsq.]
odwain, dirwain [back then]; od-onc/-onchÿ [after that]    {adv}    then
oega/o- [inf. -nno]    {vb}    to add, increase [< NGmc.] vs. to house, accommodate [< CGr.]
olt/olthad [pl. ÿlt/elthaid]; gond [pl. gÿnd]    {nn}    wave
(h)onnarth; brui(o); (g)lasdra    {adv}    soon, shortly
oroph [pl. erÿph]    {nn}    layer, floor
osgel [pl. esgil]; um(me)r [pl. ÿm(mi)r]    {nn}    shoulder
o/astor [pl. estÿr]; iann-av, -ol    {adj}    big, large [#2 < Gaul. and- & Bsq. hand- 'id.']
ovodh (dh/th) [pl. evÿdh]    {nn}    group [< Gr.]

paela/o- / (m)baela/o-    {vb}    to look for, seek [< Bsq.]
par-, por-che(n); thui, -a    {conj}    because
parrag [pl. perraig]    {nn}    vine
parvui [pl. "]; cosgor [pl. cesgÿr]    {adj}    small, little
pau / pui    {prep}    on, atop, upon
pavra/o-; fovia/o-    {vb}    to fear
pedh-enc / peth-enc [pl. -inc]    {nn}    foot
pedr-ag [pl. -aig]    {nn}    stone
peir(i)a/o-; testa/o-    {vb}    to test [#1 < CGr.]
peith(i)a/o-    {vb}    to persuade; to inflect, to conjugate [< CGr.]
pengir [pl.]    {nn}    money
pern, perenc [pl. pirn, perinc]; achanc [pl. echainc]    {nn}    leg
peutha/o- [eu/iu]    {v intr}    to fall [< CGr.]
plui(-ad), -olt; (strong) imr-ad¹, -aeth    {nn}    rain || ¹ -ad, -aeth = the event or concept of raining; -am(men) = the tangible rain, the amount which rains
prad- (prath-) [inf. -ien]; melia/o-; lavra/o- (lavar-)    {vb}    to talk, speak [#3 < Rmc. & Celt. (Bret.)] : vn-s of these = "language"
preb- [3sg -i(e)d or prebi]    {aux vb}    should, ought to [< Gr.]
prîth [pl. prith-iew(n), -iuid]    {nn}    price
prodhuitha/o- (dh/d) [inf. -nno/u]    {vb}    to produce
prosgern [pl. presgirn]    {adj}    adjacent, nearby, neighboring

rasta/o-; rebausta- [inf -nno]    {vb}    to rest
rastail [pl. -wid]    {nn}    bed
raudha/o- (luntha/o-) [+inf], rauth [+personal vb]    {aux}    shall, will (Future Tense) [< NGmc. ráð-; IbRom.]
raurui; selthov    {adj}    rare
rav(a)n [pl. rev(ai)n]; corvun [pl. cervuin]    {nn}    raven [ODu. ravan]
reid-ag, -uil    {nn}    vehicle [< Celt. *reid-ā]
rei(e)nt, rewent    {nn}    east
rîch, rêch [pl. richiew(n), rechew(n)]    {nn}    king
richÿn(n-) [pl. -ir]; rech-inwadh [pl. -inwaidh];     {nn}    queen
rig-leg, -ren, -(w)or [pl. -lig, -rin, -(w)ÿr]    {adj}    rich, wealthy
ro(n), ar; (da/de)n-unt    {prep}    to, for (Dative); for purpose/intent of
roedhui; corossui [pl. "]    {adj}    red
, rúchaed/dh    {nn}    calm, stillness, peace, tranquility
rûv [pl. ruiv]    {nn}    space, room
(g)rÿng [pl. -wid]; lh(a)er-ont [pl. -ÿnt]    {nn}    back(side)

rheugur (rheugra-) [pl. rheug, -ÿr]    {nn}    wolf [< CGr.]
rhûth    {nn}    snot, slime [< WGer.]

sâ/seu (S leu), sÿn (S lae); ad(a) / od(a)    {pn}    he, she; it (Nom.) [= verbal subject -i(e)d, -od (or -aw)] : {essi(-v)} him, her; {essi-r} for him, her; {sin (S lin), sevui (S levui)} his, her, its
sabal [pl. sebail]    {nn}    belly, stomach
sair (S saech); [pl. of 'it, that'] ed(a)i-r, -ch    {pn}    they [= verbal subject -iun(t), -on(t)] : {sairon, S saechren} their
saltha/o- [inf. -nno]    {vb}    to jump, leap
sang-u, -wen [sg. only]    {nn}    blood
saph- [inf. sa/sephien]    {vb}    to (a)rise [< (M)Bret.]
sartha/o- [inf. -nno]    {vb}    to go in(to), enter [< Bsq.]
saura/o-    {vb}    to hurt, injure
savach [pl. sevaich]; (n)gusted [pl. (n)gÿstid]    {nn}    taste, flavor
savna-, sav(n)altha/o- [inf. -nno]    {vb}    to place side by side; to liken, compare
savnoleg; commún-ol, -ui    {adj}    common
savno(n), sav(n)enno, sevno(n)    {adv}    together
sawath(ur) (th/dh) [pl. sewaith]; iavrond [pl. ievrÿnd]; daved [pl. devid]    {nn}    sheep
seduil [pl. -wid]    {nn}    seat, chair
seg-, sech- [inf. -ien]; (i)o/(i)urdha/o-    {vb}    to say, tell
segon    {prep}    according to
selia/o- [vs. sal-, inf selien]    {vb}    to sell
semr-ui, -(ui)o, -eg    {adj; adv}    constant; always
s/thest-or [pl. -ÿr]    {adj}    hot [< CGr.]
sîdh(ad)/suidh(ad); banad; athlae; (phys.) flanc    {nn}    side
siduassun [pl. siduessuin]    {nn}    situation
soed-og [pl. -ÿg]; mlith-ui, -ol (< Celt. *melitto-); dolchor [pl. delchÿr]    {adj}    sweet, sugarlike
solth-, sulth-og, -ov [pl. selthÿg]    {adj}    hungry
solvod (sollui)    {adv}    only, merely, just
son    {prep}    like, as, in manner of [< NGerm., Gr.]
sov(n)a/o-, sovon- [inf. -nno, sevenien]    {vb}    to sleep
sovr-a, -on    {prep}    above, on, atop; upon, about
sugurch [pl. sÿgÿrch]    {nn}    crook, malintentful person [< NGmc.]
sui(o)n; ath-, ior-wain (< iaur-)    {adv}    ago
suir-eg, -ol [pl. -ig, -ÿl]    {adj}    long [< Celt.] vs. belated [< Lat.]

tangnov [pl. tengnÿv]    {adj}    peaceful, calm [< Celt.]
tasc, tasgab [pl. tasguid, tesgaib]    {nn}    pocket
teitha/o-, tesga/o-    {vb}    to text
telia/o-    {vb}    to count; to include [< NGmc.]
ten-, tenia/o-; hav-, havra/o-; (e)nug-, pres. (e)nauga/o- (< Bsq.)    {vb}    to have, hold
teng, edeng [pl. -wid, eding]    {nn}    house
teu; [pol.] husted    {pn}    you, sg. (Nom.) [= verbal subject -i(e)st/-ie ch, -ost/-o ch] : {enthi(-v)} thee; {enthi-r} to/for thee; {tin, tevui} thy
tîd/dh [pl. tid/dh-iuid]; temp [pl. timp]    {nn}    time
tilla; taechod    {conj}    until
timra/o- [inf. -nno]    {vb}    to build (esp. from wood) [< NGmc.]
ting(w)a/o-; tintha/o-    {vb}    to color, dye
tont [pl. -uid, tÿnt]    {nn}    drop, droplet [< Bsq.]
torchorth [pl. terchÿrth]; sichog [pl. sichÿg]    {adj}    dry
torn [pl. tÿrn]; tornag [pl. ternaig]    {nn}    tower
torth [pl. tÿrth]    {nn}    loaf, cake
tosta/o- [inf. -nno]    {vb}    to feel, touch [< OFris.]
trenn-ag [pl. -aig]; (h)obul, (h)oblun; (g)lanab [pl. (g)lenaib]; erv(i)ent [pl. ervint]    {nn}    tool [#1 & #3 < Bsq.; #2 < CGr.]
treitha/o-    {vb}    to steer, funnel [< NGmc.]
trew-, treua/o-    {vb}    to believe, 'think'
tuil(e)phon [pl. tuil(e)phÿn]    {nn}    phone
tuinia/o-; laetha/o- / glaetha/o-    {vb}    to forget [< NGmc; CGr.]
tuir; tewair (Acc. iost; Dat. io(ssu)nt), S tuiech; [pol.] huistid    {pn}    you (pl.) (Nom.) [= verbal subject -i(u)th, -oth] : {iosson/r, iosdren, huithren} your(s) (pl.)
tumled [pl. tÿmlid]; pollenc [pl. pellinc]    {nn}    thumb

thalub, tholub (L/N) [pl. thel-uib, -ÿb]    {nn}    boat
thau(v) [pl. thoe(v)]; brû [pl. brui]    {nn}    bridge [#1 < Bsq.]
thenga/o- [inf. -nno]    {vb}    to close, shut
thill-og [pl. -ÿg]    {adj}    quiet, silent
thô; aunge(n); emra    {conj}    (even) though
thôg, thûg; bochras    {nn}    fog, mist
thonna/o-; posdra/o-    {vb}    to stand
-thov(n)/-assov [pl. -thÿv(n)/-essÿv]    {adj suff}    X-like
thûd [pl. thuid]    {nn}    pipe [< Frk.]
thunchor [pl. thÿnchÿr]; punnor [pl. pÿnnÿr]    {adj}    heavy

ú-, (g)eu-; des(s)-    {pref}    un-, dis-, in-, not (+Adj)
-ud/-unt [-(r)ad/-(r)ant for presence of /u/], -ovra    {suff}    (in)to [in Adverbs only] (< NGmc. & Bsq.)
uidh-o, -ia    {adv}    already
uigo    {adv}    in vain; for no reason [< CGr.]
-uil, -ail; -ethran/-ethrun, -athran/-athrun; -ungu [pl. -ÿngwi], -angu [pl. -engwi]    {suff}    Tool Noun, i.e. a means for ..ing
uin, dû, trî    {num}    one, two, three
-uiran/-w(a)ir [pl. -uirain/-w(e)irew]; -óriun/-adur/-avr [pl. -oerin/-eduir/-evr]; (fem.) -ethwin/-essÿn; -onnes [pl. -ethwinir/-essÿnir; -ennis]    {suff}    -er; -ess (Agent noun)
uiria/o-, eiria/o- [inf. -nno]    {vb}    to work, cause, achieve [< Gr.]
-uith, -elthi/-enthi (C1/Root verbs); -aeth, -olt (C2/Derived verbs)    {suff}    -ing, -ion, -ment (Noun of Action Concept) [NOTE: -(aw)ad is used for -olt after -(l)la-, -(r)ra- (& -tha-) verbs]
ul(l)ust (-st > -th-)    {nn}    cold water [< Bsq.]
umm-ug [pl. -uig]    {nn}    belly, stomach
unn(a)eth / ÿnn(a)eth    {nn}    love, favor(ing), granting [< Germ.]
unthon; sind (sinnon)    {prep}    without, sans
ûr, hûr [pl. (h)uir]    {nn}    hour
ust (uth-) [pl. uist]    {nn}    fire [< Bsq.]
uvent [pl. uvint]; est-ed [pl. -id]    {nn}    bowel [#1 < L. ōment-]
u/avus [pl. -ar; ÿ/evuis]    {nn}    lip [< Celt.]

-wid (-uid, -iuid); [-(w)in]    {suff}    Regular Plural for Inanimate Nouns

-ÿn(t), -wÿn(t) [-nt > -nn-] (vs. pref. cín-); -inwed/n, -inwadh/g; -(ÿ)ngel (-ÿngla-), -(ÿ)nglÿn; -lan pro -ol (< Lat. -ula)    {suff}    Diminutive Noun Forming Suffixes